Term
| The ____ allows 97% of the population to meet its needs. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is the average amount of a nutrient required for good health. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ is set well above the needs of everyone in the population and represents the highest amount of hte nutrient that will not be toxic. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Estimated Energy Requirements |
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Term
| Total energy expenditure (TEE)= |
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Definition
| Basal energy expenditure (REE)+ Physical activity + Thermic effect of food (TEF) |
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Term
| ____________ is primarily stored in the liver and muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ or ______ is primarily stored in the body fluids. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is primarily stored in the muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a 70-kg male, glycogen yields ________ kcal. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a 70-kg male, glucose or lipids yields ________ kcal. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a 70-kg male, triglyceride yields ________ kcal. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a 70-kg male, protein yields ________ kcal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Between meals, stored ________ provides glucose and breakdown of stored fats meets other needs. |
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Definition
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Term
| No net change in stored energy happens when |
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Definition
| stores are replaced at the next meal |
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Term
| If energy stores are not replaced... |
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Definition
| then the body has to shift the way it uses energy to ensure glucose is supplied to the cells. |
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Term
| ___________ is limited, so body protein is used through gluconeogenesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| The brain uses ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| When carbs are limited, _______ are made. |
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Definition
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Term
| The body prioritizes how nutrients are used based on: |
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Definition
1) body needs
2) which nutrients can be stored
3) how efficiently they can be stored |
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Term
| What is the hierarchy of nutrient use? |
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Definition
1) alcohol
2) amino acids
3) carbs
4) fat |
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Term
| Why does the body use alcohol first? |
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Definition
| It's toxic and can't be stored, so it is rapidly oxidized. |
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Term
| What is the formula to calculate your weight in kilograms? |
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Definition
| weight in pounds / 2.2 lbs/kg |
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Term
| What is the formula to calculate your height in meters? |
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Definition
| heigh in inches X 0.0254 in/m |
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Term
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Definition
weight in kg/(height in m)^2
or
weight in lbs/(height in inches)^2 X 703 |
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Term
| __________ fat is deposited around the waist in the ab region and is associated with higher incidence of heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke and diabetes. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is primarily stored in the Adipose tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| The location of fat storage is determined primarily by ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is set-point theory? |
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Definition
| Body weight is genetically determined and that there are internal mechanisms that defend against weight change |
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Term
| There are more than ______ genes that have been linked to body weight regulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Body weight regulation determines |
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Definition
1) how much food you eat
2) how much energy you expend
3) how efficiently body fat is stored |
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Term
| Physical sensations that tell you to eat or stop eating is part of the ________ regulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the physical sensations that tell you when and when not to eat? |
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Definition
1) nerves in the GI tract that sense volume/pressure
2) levels of circulating nutrients
3) neurotransmitters
4) changes in liver metabolism
5) hormonal signals
6) psychological factors |
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Term
| When serotonin levels are low, the body craves ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| When serotonin levels are high, the body craves _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone produced by the stomach to stimulate the desire to eat meals at the usual times |
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Term
| Long-term regulation requires the body to monitor how much _____ is present. |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to regulate long-term, ______ and _________ are secreted in proportion to the amount of body fat. |
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Definition
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Term
| The circulating concentration of _____ is proportional to amount of body fat. |
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin ______ food intake and body weight and affects the amount of leptin produced and secreted. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is produced by adipocytes and acts in the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of _______ produced is proportional to the ______ of adipocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| High leptin levels results in |
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Definition
| stimulated mechanisms that increase energy expenditure and decrease food intake AND inhibits pathways that promote food intake |
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Term
| Bariatric surgery is sometimes recommended for people with a BMI of ____ or greater. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ is sometimes called "stomach stapling" or "banding" and only restricts food intake. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ restricts the size of the stomach and bypasses part of the small intestine so it limits food intake and reduces absorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| How quickly and efficiently a muscle cell produces ________ determines how much work the cell can do before it fatigues. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of energy? |
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Definition
1) instant energy (stored ATP and creatine)
2) short-term energy (anaerobic metabolism)
3) long-term energy (aerobic metabolism) |
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Term
| Instant energy comes from |
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Definition
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Term
| Short-term energy is part of |
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Definition
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Term
| Long-term energy is part of |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ fat is in the hips and lower body. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some psychological factors that cause eating disorders? |
|
Definition
1) low self-esteem
2) need for self-control
3) unhealthy body image |
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Term
| What are some sociocultural factors that cause eating disorders? |
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Definition
1) thin body ideal
2) influences from media, family, and friends
3)abundant food supply |
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Term
| __________ _______ affects 1% of female adolescents in the U.S. (1 out of 100) |
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Definition
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Term
| The average onset of anorexia is _____ years. |
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Definition
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Term
| There is a ____% death rate in the first 2 years of anorexia, ____ % if untreated. |
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Definition
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Term
| The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health estimates ___-___% of women will suffer from anorexia. |
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Definition
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Term
| About _______% of the alcohol is metabolized by the liver, given priority over carbs, protein, and fat. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____% of alcohol is excreted into the urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| The remainder of alcohol is eliminated via the ______. This amount is predictable and reliable enough to be used to estimate blood alcohol level from breath. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some genetic factors that cause eating disorders? |
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Definition
1) inherited personality traits
2) genes that affect hunger, satiety, and body weight |
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Term
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Definition
| cytosol alcohol dehydrogenase |
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Term
| Alcohol is also metabolized by ____ __________ ADH to yield ______, which is a toxic compound. |
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Definition
| colon bacterial; acetaldehyde |
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Term
| Long-term excessive alcohol consumption generates toxins and free radicals that cause |
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Definition
1) liver damage: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis
2) hypertension, heart disease and stroke
3) increased risk for certain types of cancers |
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Term
| List the 4 steps in the colon for alcohol metabolism. |
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Definition
1) alcohol is transported from the blood to lumen of colon
2) metabolized by bacterial ADH
3) Acetaldehyde accumulates in colon -- contributes to mucosal injury and colon cancer
4) Acetaldehyde absorbed back into bloodstream contributes to liver damage |
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Term
| Long-term excessive alcohol consumption causes _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| When intake of alcohol exceeds _____% of kcalories, protein, fat and carb intake decreases. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the benefits of moderate alcohol consumption? |
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Definition
1) higher HDL
2) lower LDL
3) decreased blood clotting
4) decreased platelet aggregation
5) decreased homocysteine
6) lowered cell aggregation |
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Term
| What are the effects of excessive alcohol consumption? |
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Definition
1) Increased acetaldehyde
2) increased oxidative stress
3) increased triglycerides
4) decreased HDL
5) increased cell aggregation
6) increased reactive species |
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Term
| EER is based on what variables? |
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Definition
| age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| When is acetaldehydge made? |
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Definition
| When alcohol is metabolized by colon bacterial ADH |
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Term
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Definition
| Recommended Dietary Allowances |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dietary Reference Intakes |
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Term
| How do you calculate your max heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the overload principle? |
|
Definition
| The more you do, the more you're capable of doing |
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Term
| What is aerobic exercise? |
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Definition
| rhythmic, continuous exercise that involves large body muscle groups |
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