Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is responsible for changing NAD to NADH+H? |
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Definition
| pyruvate->lactic acid->regenerates NAD |
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Term
| What does lactic acid do? |
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Definition
| Secreted from muscles in blood; begins to shut down glycolysis |
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Term
| Why do you breathe heavy after running or working out? |
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Definition
| oxygen debt: need O2 to metabolize lactic acid |
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Term
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Definition
pyruvate->citric acid cycle->32 ATP
glucose and fatty acids feed into the cycle; only works when oxygen is present |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| High intensity uses what? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates and glucose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
white; low myoglobin& mitochondria, mostly aerobic, glycolitic FAST TWITCH
x=dark meat
a=light meat (intermediate fiber) |
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Term
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Definition
| red, lots of myoglobin, high mitochondria, mostly aerobic, oxidative SLOW TWTICH |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does bile play a role with FSV |
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Definition
| bile is needed to imulsify fat, as is pancreatic lipase (digests of lipids) |
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Term
| What are absorptive cells? |
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Definition
| fats are repackaged into cholymicrons and sent to the lympathic system |
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Term
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Definition
| stored in liver (bulk); sometimes in fat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| performed Vitamin A; cratenoids transform into retinoids |
|
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Term
| What are the carotinoids? |
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Definition
| Beta carotene, alpha carotene, beta cryptoxanthin; broccoli, peaches, carrots |
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Term
| Retinoid Activity Equivalence (RAE) |
|
Definition
1 RAE=1 ug of retinol
=12 ug of B-carotene
=24 ug alpha-carotene
=10,800 ug (11mg) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Retinol binding protein and pre-albumen |
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Definition
| These attach to retinol as it leaves the liver |
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Term
| RBP and Pre-albumen carry retinol where? |
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Definition
| Retinol carried to nuclear membrane by these, and then rebound to different proteins |
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Term
| RAR and RxR (nuclear proteins) |
|
Definition
| Bind to retinol in the nuclear membrane; bind to DNA and can change gene expression |
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Term
|
Definition
opsin binds 11-cis retinal->rhodopsin
->LIGHT->11-cis is now 11-trans form
->rhodopsin splits->opsin&11-transform change back to 11-cis |
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Term
| What part of the seeing cylce only occurs in the dark? |
|
Definition
| Opsin and 11-trans form changing BACK into 11-cis |
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Term
| What are red flags for vitamin A deficiencies? |
|
Definition
| Night blindness (low levels of rhodopsin); skin problems-psoraisis, sun damage, acne |
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are caortenoid compounds? |
|
Definition
| These compounds cannot be converted to Vit. A |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| serve to reduce free radicals; which in return may reduce CVD chances |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| dry scaly skin; cornea thickens and eventually leads to blindness |
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Term
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Definition
UL-3000ug/day: digestive disturbances, HA, blurred vision
long term: joint pain, weakness, loss of appetite
teratogenic: causes birth defects |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rice that has had B-carotene added to it |
|
|
Term
| How do you get Vitamin D? |
|
Definition
exposure to UV rays: cholesterol derivative->Choleocalciferol
-fatty fish, cod liver oil |
|
|
Term
| What do hydroxil groups do? |
|
Definition
| add a hydroxide in the UV process; added on from kideny and liver |
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Term
| If you have decreased amounts of Ca, PTH (parathyroid hormone) increases, which does what? |
|
Definition
| Increases synthesis of active Vit. D and results in increased absorption of Ca+P from the intestines or from bone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| childhood vit. d deficiency |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Soft bones; occurs in adults; bone is not mineralized |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mineralized bone is losing Ca and new bone isn't recieving any Ca |
|
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Term
|
Definition
up to 50-5ug/day
50-70-10ug/day
>70-15ug/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypercalcemia: builds up in kidneys, heart, and lungs |
|
|
Term
| What are some of Vit. D's functions? |
|
Definition
| controls cell differentiation and growth (and some cell activity) |
|
|
Term
| Vit. E is also know as what? |
|
Definition
Tocopheral: alpha beta gamma dela
(alpha and gamma are most important) |
|
|
Term
| What are good sources of Vit. E? |
|
Definition
| Cototn seed, canola, almond, peanuts |
|
|
Term
| What causes Vit. E to be unstable? |
|
Definition
| light, heat, certain metals, and O2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the DV for Vit. E? |
|
Definition
15 mg/ day or 22IU/day from a natural source
33IU/day from artificial |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of VE |
|
Definition
| prevent hemolysis of red blood cells, protects cell membrane from free radicals (occurs in the mitochondria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no more than 1000mg/day; can interfere with VK and lead to bleeding disorders |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| picked up in SI, packaged with fatty acids and picked up by cholymicrons; stored in fat tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of VK? |
|
Definition
| phylloguinones and menaquinones (plant and animal origins) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
90 ug/day for women 120 ug/day men
No UL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| converts preprothrombin->prothrombin, needed for synthesis of other factors in the liver; lack of VK leads to bleeding disorders (no clotting) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Stored in liver and excreted readily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cooking do to WSV? |
|
Definition
| Usually causes them to lose/destory them; refer to steaming or microwaving |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Apoenzyme+coenzyme=holoenzyme |
|
|
Term
| Coenzyme are usually found where? |
|
Definition
| found in fatty acid oxidation and citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| What is whole grain composed of? |
|
Definition
| Endosperm (white color, starchy), bran, and germ |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during milling? |
|
Definition
| bran and germ are removed during this process; they contain all the B vitamins! |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, Folate, THFA, B-12, Choline, Vitamin C |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| B-1, easily broken-when phosphates added on becomes TPP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.2mg/day men 1.1mg/day women
1.5mg/day (NO UL) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Decarboxylation "transition reaction"
pyruvate changes to acetly-CoA by TPP |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of Thiamin-Can show up after 2 weeks |
|
Definition
| beriberi: affects all body systems; wekaness, muscle pain, edema, angina |
|
|
Term
| Warnicke-Korsikoff Syndrome |
|
Definition
| alcohol blocks absorption of thiamin, increases excretion of thiamin, impaired vision and mental function-poor diet can contribute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B-2, nice yellow color, glows under UV
if you add several large molecules to sugar-FMN and FAD (coenzymes) |
|
|
Term
| RDA and DV for Riboflavin-NO UL |
|
Definition
1.3mg/day men 1.1mg/day women
1.7mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spinach, broccoli, cottage cheese, fortified cerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ariboflavinosis: no riboflavin
-inflammed tounge, scaly skin, cracks in corner of mouth
-can appear after a few months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B-3-plays a role as cofactors for NAD and NADH
-can make this from tryptophan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60mg tryp=1mg niacin
1g protein=10mg tryp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
16mg/day men 14mg/day women
20mg/day
UL=35mg/day |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitivity to sun (rash) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AI and DV for pantothenic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of Pantothenic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with "egg white injury" (avidine)-when avidine binds to Biotin and you can't absorb it |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carboxylation reactions-pyruvate+CO2=oxoalcetate |
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Term
|
Definition
| very rare; biotiminidase (enzyme) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pydrixoal (from plants); coenzyme is pyrodoxial phosphate (found in muscle); active form is phosphate, in body is pyridoxal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.7mg/day men 1.3mg/day
2.0mg/day 100mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2-6g/day or 200mg; can build up over several months; tingling/burning sensation leads to nerve damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transamination; w/out p.phosphate a.a. aren't synthesized; glucogen breakdown can't happen either |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| problems with nerve transmission; convulsions, poor conditions, dermatitis, microcytic anemia, alcohol can interfere with absorption, carpal tunnel syndrome and PMS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| problems with nerve transmission; convulsions, poor conditions, dermatitis, microcytic anemia, alcohol can interfere with absorption, carpal tunnel syndrome and PMS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transamination; w/out p.phosphate a.a. aren't synthesized; glucogen breakdown can't happen either |
|
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Term
|
Definition
folate in food-folic acid as supplement
polyglutamate in food-monoglutamate when absorbed-when moved to liver turns back to poly. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| legumes and greens; if you heat or expose to light, you destory 50-90% of folate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 400mcg/day 400mcg/day 1000mcg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| folate will help with B-12 deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Dietary Folate Equivalents |
|
Definition
1mcg of folate=1DFE
1DFE=0.5mcg folic acid (taken on empty stomach) |
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Term
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Definition
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