Term
|
Definition
| dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. can also be done in inches and pounds. |
|
|
Term
| how many children are overweight in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much weight does an obese person have to lose to substantially decrease health risks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| human fat stores are in two major locations: |
|
Definition
1.)under the skin over the hips, upper arms, and thighs 2.) in the abdomen |
|
|
Term
| fat stored under the skin is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fat stored in the abdomen |
|
|
Term
| what is more dangerous to health, subcutaneous or visceral fat; why? |
|
Definition
| visceral fat. it is more metabolically active. this causes oxidation in cells which leads to chronic inflammation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes damage to molecules within other cells in the body |
|
|
Term
| metabolic consequences of chronic inflammation: |
|
Definition
| insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, elevated blood pressure, cancer, Alzheimer's disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which cells "resist" the action of insulin in facilitating the passage of glucose to cells. |
|
|
Term
| what waist circumference indicates an apple shape and excess storage of visceral fat? |
|
Definition
| over 40" in men, 35" in women |
|
|
Term
| methods for assessing body fat content |
|
Definition
| skin fold, MRI, bioelectric impendance analysis (BIA), underwater weighing |
|
|
Term
| Essential, Ideal and Obese Percentages of Body Fat |
|
Definition
A. Men- 3%, 8-15%, 25% +
B. Women- 12%, 18-24%, 30% + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-measuring the thickness of fat folds that lie underneath the skin -calipers used to measure thickness of fat folds advantages: cheap, painless limitations: often performed by untrained people |
|
|
Term
| Bioelectrical Impendance Analysis (BIA) |
|
Definition
since fat is a poor conductor of electricity and muscles/water are good conductors, body fat can be estimated by determining how fast electrical current passes from ankle to wrist. advantages: portable, easy to do, painless, accurate limitations: expensive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first weighed in dry land, next weighed under water. the less the person weighs under water compared to dry land, the higher the body fat. (fat, not muscle or bone, floats in water) |
|
|
Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
a person's body fat is photographed from cross-sectional images. highly accruate but expensive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diet, physical activity, environmental exposures, genetics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals are programmed to weigh a certain amount and that body weight will return to that level after weight is lost or gained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactivity, high-fat diet, or high sodium intake that causes a genetic tendency toward a disorder to be expressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
physical/emotional effects: they can never be too thin. have little fat (7-18% of body weight). eat b/w 300-700 calories/day. warning signs: extremely thin body, intense fear of gaining weight symptoms: women: irregular menstrual cycles, significant bone loss, lower estrogen. men: lower test. treatments: 5-7 years of professional help. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-occurs in 1-3% of women -regular episodes of dieting, binge eating, and purging -people are not underweight or emaciated -common features: weakness, abdominal pain, tooth decay, swollen cheeks, eating in secret, guilt -leads to major changes in metabolism -treatment: nutrition and psych. counseling. most women achieve recovery, but 1/3 will relapse w/i 7 years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-people tend to be overweight or obese -1/3 male -eat large amounts of food. feel a lack of control. -don't vomit or try to control weight gain. -30-90% of obese people have binge-eating disorder -stress, depression, anger, anxiety -treatment: they record their food intake, indicate binging episodes, note their feelings about it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-eating nonfood substances -geophagia - clay/dirt eating -pagophagia - ice eating (iron deficiency) -amylophagia - laundry starch/corn starch eating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no red meat, chicken or fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only milk and plant foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fall between quasi-vegetarian and vegan diets. now includes fish, beans, spices. yin and yang of foods |
|
|
Term
| Health concerns for vegetarian diets |
|
Definition
a. must combine plant sources to produce complementary proteins
b. deficiencies - b12, vitamin D, EPA, DHA |
|
|
Term
| health benefits of vegetarian diets |
|
Definition
| lower risk of heart disease, stroke, hypertension. lower chance of obesity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body's immune system reacts to a substance in food (mostly proteins) that it identifies as harmful |
|
|
Term
| What foods are most likely to cause allergic reactions? |
|
Definition
| Wheat, milk, soy, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shell fish |
|
|
Term
| how common are food allergies? |
|
Definition
approx. 5% of infants and young children develop a food allergy, mostly due to a protein in cow's milk. 2% in adults |
|
|
Term
| how to diagnose a food allergy |
|
Definition
| double-blind, placebo-controlled food challege. |
|
|
Term
| what's the best way to treat food allergies? |
|
Definition
eliminate the food from your diet. |
|
|
Term
| lactose maldigestion and intolerance |
|
Definition
the inability to break down lactose in dairy products due to the lack of the enzyme lactase. very common- 25% of US adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very small amts. can cause anaphylactic shock / asthma attack in sensitive people |
|
|
Term
| red wine, aged cheese, and migranes |
|
Definition
related to the histamine in red wine related to tyramine in aged cheese |
|
|
Term
| MSG and "chinese restaurant sydrome" |
|
Definition
| dizziness, rapid heartbeat, ringing in the ears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
men- 1. Prostate 2.lung 3.colo-rectal women- 1.breast 2.lung 3.colo-rectal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.) initiation phase: the start of cancer; begins w/ the alteration of DNA within cells. 2.) promotion phase: cells with altered DNA divide, producing large numbers of abnormal cells. (10-30 yrs) 3.) progression phase: marked by a loss of control over the abnormal cells, and their numbers increase rapidly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
80-90% of all cancers are related to environmental factors. some top factors related to cancer development: obesity, low vege/fruit intake, physical inactivity, smoking, excess alcohol intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phytochemical: lycopene found in: tomatoes, rasperries, watermelon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lutein zeaxanthin leafy greens, avocado, honeydew |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anthocyanins grapes, berries, wine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beta-carotene carrots, mangos, papayas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flavonoids oranges, tangerines, lemons, plums |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glucosinolates broccoli, brussels sprouts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allyl sulfides onions, leeks, garlic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Cardiovascular
b. Muscular endurance
c. Muscular strength
d. Flexibility
e. Body composition |
|
|
Term
| aerobic training: heart rate |
|
Definition
| 60-75% of maximal heart rate |
|
|
Term
| 3 major factors affecting performance |
|
Definition
| genetics, training, nutrition |
|
|
Term
| glycogen's role in the body |
|
Definition
glycogen stores in the muscles and liver can deliver about 2000 calories worth of energy for performance. a persons ability to perform activity is limited to the amt. of glycogen stored. |
|
|
Term
| effects of diet on muscle glycogen stores during training |
|
Definition
low carb intake: 0.6 g/ muscle glycogen (60 min training until exhaustion) avg. carb intake: 1.8 g (126 min) high carb intake: 3.5 g (189 min) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minerals like sodium and potassium that help the body maintain an appropriate amt. of fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-testosterone -promote protein synthesis -increases mucles mass -many bad side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
component of muscle, generates ATP from ADP in muscle. -increases performance in high-intensity, short-duration exercises. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-CNS stimulant, diuretic -decreases fatigue -increases insulin resistance -fatal dose 3-10 g -Olympic illegal dose = 6-8 cups coffee preevent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-energy metabolism and insulin utilization -claim: ncreases lean body mass, decreases fat -evidence: no effect on body composition, no evidence of ergogenic effect. -may increase oxidative damage to muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-precursors of testosterone -promote test. production -same negatives as anabolic steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CNS stimulant, enhances endurance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulates muscle and bone growth, converted to glucose. -increases muscle mass but probably not strength -diabetes, stroke, hypertension. irreversible side effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an interval in time during pregnancy when cells of a tissue or organ are genetically programmed to multiply. critical because if they don't multiply at this time, the can't make up the deficiency later. -the roof of the mouth (hard palate) is formed in the 3rd month. if excessive amts. of vit. A are present, the two plates may fail to combine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
underweight: 28-40 lbs normal: 24-35 lbs overweight: 15-25 lbs obese: 15-20 lbs |
|
|
Term
| most important nutrients during pregnancy |
|
Definition
calories folate vit. B6 vit. A calcium vit. D iron iodine EPA
DPH |
|
|
Term
| calories during pregnancy |
|
Definition
women need +340 calories/day in the 2nd trimester &
+450 cal/day in the 3rd trimester |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-required for protein tissue construction -"at risk" nutrient (some women dont get enough) -linked to neural tube defects -reccomended: 600 mcg/ day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st tri: 0-13 weeks 2nd tri: 13-26 wks 3rd tri: 26-40 wks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-both low and high intakes of vit. A may cause problems -too little = poor fetal growth -too much = fetal malformations -reccomended: less than 5000 IU/ day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nutrient rich milk produced in the first few days after delivery |
|
|
Term
| breast feeding helps lower percentages of these diseases |
|
Definition
ear infections respiratory illness diarrhea hospital admissions |
|
|
Term
| benefits of breast milk in life |
|
Definition
optimal growth of nervous system and eyes higher IQ |
|
|
Term
| infant feeding reccomendations |
|
Definition
~first 6 months: breastfeeding/formula ~4-6 months: introduce solid food 9 months: finger foods 12 months: mostly everything |
|
|
Term
| foods to avoid in first 1-3 years of life |
|
Definition
cows milk egg whites seafood nuts soy wheat other problems: blueberries, coffee, corn |
|
|
Term
| CDC estimates of food poisoning per year |
|
Definition
sickness in 76 million people 325,000 hospitalizations over 5,000 deaths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
37,000 cases/year onset: 1-3 days duration: 4-7 days symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain, chills foods affected: eggs, unpasteurized milk, raw meat source of contamination: infected animals, human feces |
|
|
Term
| how many types of foodborne illnesses have been ID'ed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highest # of cases: 2,453,926/yr on 80% of chickens 20% is resistant to antibiotics onset: 2-5 days duration: 2-5 days symptoms: diarrhea (may be bloody), ab cramps food: chicken, milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
80,000 cases/year 8% of people die onset:1-8 days duration: 5-10 days symptoms: bloody diarrhea, ab cramps foods: raw beef, milk, fruits & vege's contamination: cattle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
onset: 1-2 days duration: 1-3 days symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea foods: seafood contamination: human feces contaminating shellfish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mostly through fish through fungicides, fossil fuel exhaust, paper mills pregnant women shouldnt eat much fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one of the deadliest -causes nerve damage, respiratory failure -mostly from dented cans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by prion, a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wash and rub it -leftovers: cover and refridgerate -watch expiration dates -temperatures: danger zone: >40 degrees F, <140 degrees F |
|
|
