Term
What two characteristics are needed for a substance to be classified as essential? |
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Definition
| Ommision from the diet causes a decline in human health, restoration of ommited nutrients to the diet before permanent damage occurs results in restored normal function |
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Term
| What are the factors that determine the state of nutrition? |
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Definition
| Biological, psychological, social, presence of disease, energy expenditure |
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Term
| What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)? |
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Definition
| Describes the intake of a given nutrient in a population, the basis of recommendations on nutrient intake |
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Term
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Definition
| Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Upper Intake Level (UL) |
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Term
| What is the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)? |
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Definition
| Amount of energy needed to maintain the body's activities for 24hrs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Surface area to height ratio, age, gender, activity level |
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Term
| How does surface area/height ratio affect BMR? |
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Definition
| Adiposity is high when ratio is high |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases by 2% per decade of adult life |
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Term
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Definition
| Lean muscle decreases as fat increases with age (normal) |
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Term
| How does gender affect BMR? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does activity level affect BMR? |
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Definition
| Metabolic rate is increased by regulat physical activity |
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Term
| What determines how individuals respond to nutrients? |
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Definition
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Term
| How should nutritional guidelines be determined? |
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Definition
| According to population specifics |
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Term
| How do you calculate Voluntary Muscular Activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| The response to dietary cholesterol being linked to apoE genotype is an example of what? |
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Definition
| Genotype affecting nutrient intake |
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Term
| People with what ApoE isoforms have an increase in plasma cholesterol when on a fat/high cholesterol? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ApoE phenotype prevents changes in the concentration of cholesterol regardless of diet? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are examples of nutrients affecting gene expression? |
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Definition
| Dietary cholesterol affecting HMG-COA reductase activity, Polyunsaturated FAs inhibiting FA synthase |
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Term
| What proportion of weight variation is associated with genetic background? |
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Definition
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Term
| What changes the demand for nutrients and energy expenditure? |
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Definition
| Pregnancy, lactation, growth, disease |
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Term
| Starvation is defined as characteristic periods of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the nutritional effect of trauma (such as surgery) on the GI tract? |
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Definition
| Impaired absorption, requires nutritional support |
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Term
| What constitutes a macronutrient? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids |
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Term
| What constitutes a micronutrient? |
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Definition
| Vitamins, Minerals, Water |
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Term
| Carbohydrates, aside from providing energy, are precursors of what? |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, Mucopolysaccharides |
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Term
| Where does dietary starch digestion begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What defines dietary fibers? |
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Definition
| Indigestable complex carbohydrates, polysaccharides with Beta-glucosidic linkages |
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Term
| What are the types of dietary fibers? |
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Definition
| Insoluble, Soluble, Ligins |
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Term
| What defines insoluble dietary fibers? |
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Definition
| Completely indigestible complex carbohydrates with OH groups that attract water |
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Term
| What is the function of insoluble fibers in the diet? |
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Definition
| Add bulk, give feeling of fullness or satiety, softens stools, reduces transit time, reduces risk of diverticula formation |
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Term
| A person suffering from sudden flatulence and uncomfortable cramping might have suddenly ingested a large amount of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Outpocketings of colonic mucosa |
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Term
| What defines soluble fibers? |
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Definition
| Partially digestible carbohydrates, form gels in the stomach |
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Term
What is the function of soluble fibers in the diet?
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Definition
| Slows gastric emptying, prolonged satiety, slow absorption of sugars, decreases incidence of colon cancer, reduced insulin secretion |
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Term
| A high soluble fiber diet is recommended for people with what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What foods contain fibers? |
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Definition
| Unprocessed cereals, legumes, vegetables, fruits with skin |
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Term
| What's the recommended intake of fiber for an average adult? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the result of overconsumption of dietary fiber (60g/day)? |
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Definition
| Hard stool if lacking enough water in diet, diverticula, decreased binding of vital minerals, intestinal gas, fiber balls (phytobezoars) that block intestinal flow |
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Term
| What is are additional effects of overconsumption of dietary fibers in children? |
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Definition
| Reduced energy intake due to quicker feelings of satiety |
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Term
| What hormones regulate food intake? |
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Definition
| Leptin, Insulin, Glucagon, Cholecystokinin |
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Term
| What is the result of leptin receptor mutation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti related peptide (AgRP) secretion by the hypothalmus |
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Term
| What constitutes a dietary assessment? |
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Definition
| Dietary history, a range of body measurements, biochemical and hematological lab tests |
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Term
| What defines desirable nutrition? |
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Definition
| Body tissues have enough nutrients to support body function and body stores of nutrients are capable of being mobilized in times of need |
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Term
| What defines undernutrition? |
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Definition
| Nutrient intake does not meet nutritional need, stores of nutrients are depleted as they are used |
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Term
| What creates nutrient demand? |
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Definition
| Constant turnover of body cells |
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Term
| What causes overnutrition? |
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Definition
| Prolonged consumption of nutrients beyond the body's needs |
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Term
| What is the result of long term overnutrition? |
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Definition
| Obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease |
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Term
| What is the consequence of overnutrition of non-energy yielding nutrients? |
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Definition
| Toxicity (ex. iron overload) |
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Term
| What can hereditary hemochromatosis cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the ABCDs of nutrition parameters? |
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Definition
| Anthropometric, Biochemical, and Clinical assesments, Dietary history |
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Term
| What constitutes anthropometric assessment? |
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Definition
| Physical characteristics (height, weight, etc.) |
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Term
| What constitutes a clinical assessment? |
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Definition
| Appearance organs, skin, neurological assessment |
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Term
| How is Body Mass Index used? |
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Definition
| To determine nutritional status |
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Term
| What BMI is considered malnourished and obese? |
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Definition
| Malnourished = <18.5, Obese = >30 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What defines nitrogen balance? |
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Definition
| Difference between nitrogen intake and excretion |
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Term
| What is required for an assessment of nitrogen excretion? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Urine, hair, stool, sweat |
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Term
| How much daily protein does an average person require? |
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Definition
| 1 to 1.2g/kg body weight/day |
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Term
| What defines malnutrition? |
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Definition
| Development/function is impaired due to energy/nutrient intake (includes both under and over nutrition) |
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Term
| What defines Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) |
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Definition
| Undernutrition caused by extremely deficient intake of protein or energy |
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Term
| What are some examples of Protein-Energy Malnutrition? |
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Definition
| Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Men = 24% body fat, Women = 21-35% body fat |
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Term
| What is the percentage of overweight adults in the USA (birthplace of the Baconator and Bacconaise)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What methods are commonly used to estimate body fat content? |
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Definition
| Underwater weighing, biolelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual x-ray photon absorptiometry (DEXA) |
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Term
| What is the most accurate way to estimate body fat content? |
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Definition
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Term
| Obesity increases the risk of what diseases? |
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Definition
| Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease |
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Term
| When should appetite suppressants and/or fat absorption inhibitors be taken? |
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Definition
| Only in extreme cases of obesity |
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Term
| What are the drawbacks of the food group pyramid? |
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Definition
| nutrient density varies within food groups, cultural foods not depicted, food for ill not depicted |
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Term
| Values on the food guide pyramid are based on what? |
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Definition
| 2000-calorie intake, should be adjusted to patient's caloric need |
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Term
| Fat consumption should be what percentage of total daily caloric intake? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are characteristic of processed foods? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a common relationship between Sodium and Fat content on food labels? |
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Definition
| Na content increases as fat decreases |
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