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Nutrition
N/A
75
Biochemistry
Graduate
11/30/2011

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Cards

Term
What two characteristics are needed for a substance to be classified as essential?
Definition
Ommision from the diet causes a decline in human health,  restoration of ommited nutrients to the diet before permanent damage occurs results in restored normal function
Term
What are the factors that determine the state of nutrition?
Definition
Biological, psychological, social, presence of disease, energy expenditure
Term
What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?
Definition
Describes the intake of a given nutrient in a population, the basis of recommendations on nutrient intake 
Term
What are DRI variables?
Definition
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Upper Intake Level (UL)
Term
What is the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Definition
Amount of energy needed to maintain the body's activities for 24hrs
Term
How is BMR calculated?
Definition
(0.5)kcal/lb/hr
Term
What can affect BMR?
Definition
Surface area to height ratio, age, gender, activity level
Term
How does surface area/height ratio affect BMR?
Definition
Adiposity is high when ratio is high
Term
How does age affect BMR?
Definition
Decreases by 2% per decade of adult life
Term
What is sarcopenia?
Definition
Lean muscle decreases as fat increases with age (normal)
Term
How does gender affect BMR?
Definition
Females have a lower BMR
Term
How does activity level affect BMR?
Definition
Metabolic rate is increased by regulat physical activity
Term
What determines how individuals respond to nutrients?
Definition
Genetics
Term
How should nutritional guidelines be determined?
Definition
According to population specifics
Term
How do you calculate Voluntary Muscular Activity?
Definition
BMR x Activity Factor
Term
The response to dietary cholesterol being linked to apoE genotype is an example of what?
Definition
Genotype affecting nutrient intake
Term
People with what ApoE isoforms have an increase in plasma cholesterol when on a fat/high cholesterol?
Definition
E4/4
Term
What ApoE phenotype prevents changes in the concentration of cholesterol regardless of diet?
Definition
E2/2
Term
What are examples of nutrients affecting gene expression?
Definition
Dietary cholesterol affecting HMG-COA reductase activity, Polyunsaturated FAs inhibiting FA synthase
Term
What proportion of weight variation is associated with genetic background?
Definition
50%
Term
What changes the demand for nutrients and energy expenditure?
Definition
Pregnancy, lactation, growth, disease
Term
Starvation is defined as characteristic periods of what?
Definition
Disease or trauma
Term
What is the nutritional effect of trauma (such as surgery) on the GI tract?
Definition
Impaired absorption, requires nutritional support
Term
What constitutes a macronutrient?
Definition
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids
Term
What constitutes a micronutrient?
Definition
Vitamins, Minerals, Water
Term
Carbohydrates, aside from providing energy, are precursors of what?
Definition
Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, Mucopolysaccharides 
Term
Where does dietary starch digestion begin?
Definition
Mouth
Term
What defines dietary fibers?
Definition
Indigestable complex carbohydrates, polysaccharides with Beta-glucosidic linkages 
Term
What are the types of dietary fibers?
Definition
Insoluble, Soluble, Ligins
Term
What defines insoluble dietary fibers?
Definition
Completely indigestible complex carbohydrates with OH groups that attract water
Term
What is the function of insoluble fibers in the diet?
Definition
Add bulk, give feeling of fullness or satiety, softens stools, reduces transit time, reduces risk of diverticula formation
Term
A person suffering from sudden flatulence and uncomfortable cramping might have suddenly ingested a large amount of what?
Definition
Insoluble dietary fibers
Term
What are diverticula?
Definition
Outpocketings of colonic mucosa
Term
What defines soluble fibers?
Definition
Partially digestible carbohydrates, form gels in the stomach 
Term

What is the function of soluble fibers in the diet?

Definition
Slows gastric emptying, prolonged satiety, slow absorption of sugars, decreases incidence of colon cancer, reduced insulin secretion
Term
A high soluble fiber diet is recommended for people with what disease?
Definition
Diabetes
Term
What foods contain fibers?
Definition
Unprocessed cereals, legumes, vegetables, fruits with skin
Term
What's the recommended intake of fiber for an average adult?
Definition
20-35g/day
Term
What is the result of overconsumption of dietary fiber (60g/day)?
Definition
Hard stool if lacking enough water in diet, diverticula, decreased binding of vital minerals, intestinal gas, fiber balls (phytobezoars) that block intestinal flow
Term
What is are additional effects of overconsumption of dietary fibers in children?
Definition
Reduced energy intake due to quicker feelings of satiety
Term
What hormones regulate food intake?
Definition
Leptin, Insulin, Glucagon, Cholecystokinin
Term
What is the result of leptin receptor mutation?
Definition
Obesity and diabetes
Term
Ghrelin stimulates what?
Definition
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti related peptide (AgRP) secretion by the hypothalmus
Term
What constitutes a dietary assessment?
Definition
Dietary history, a range of body measurements, biochemical and hematological lab tests
Term
What defines desirable nutrition?
Definition
Body tissues have enough nutrients to support body function and body stores of nutrients are capable of being mobilized in times of need
Term
What defines undernutrition?
Definition
Nutrient intake does not meet nutritional need, stores of nutrients are depleted as they are used
Term
What creates nutrient demand?
Definition
Constant turnover of body cells
Term
What causes overnutrition?
Definition
Prolonged consumption of nutrients beyond the body's needs
Term
What is the result of long term overnutrition?
Definition
Obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease
Term
What is the consequence of overnutrition of non-energy yielding nutrients?
Definition
Toxicity (ex. iron overload)
Term
What can hereditary hemochromatosis cause?
Definition
Iron overload
Term
What are the ABCDs of nutrition parameters?
Definition
Anthropometric, Biochemical, and Clinical assesments, Dietary history 
Term
What constitutes anthropometric assessment?
Definition
Physical characteristics (height, weight, etc.)
Term
What constitutes a clinical assessment?
Definition
Appearance organs, skin, neurological assessment
Term
How is Body Mass Index used?
Definition
To determine nutritional status
Term
What BMI is considered malnourished and obese?
Definition
Malnourished = <18.5, Obese = >30
Term
How is BMI calculated?
Definition
(Weight)/(Height)2
Term
What defines nitrogen balance?
Definition
Difference between nitrogen intake and excretion
Term
What is required for an assessment of nitrogen excretion?
Definition
24hr urine collection
Term
How is nitrogen lost?
Definition
Urine, hair, stool, sweat
Term
How much daily protein does an average person require?
Definition
1 to 1.2g/kg body weight/day
Term
What defines malnutrition?
Definition
Development/function is impaired due to energy/nutrient intake (includes both under and over nutrition)
Term
What defines Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Definition
Undernutrition caused by extremely deficient intake of protein or energy
Term
What are some examples of Protein-Energy Malnutrition?
Definition
Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, etc.
Term
What defines obesity?
Definition
Men = 24% body fat, Women = 21-35% body fat
Term
What is the percentage of overweight adults in the USA (birthplace of the Baconator and Bacconaise)?
Definition
61% 
Term
What methods are commonly used to estimate body fat content?
Definition
Underwater weighing, biolelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual x-ray photon absorptiometry (DEXA)
Term
What is the most accurate way to estimate body fat content?
Definition
Underwater weighing
Term
Obesity increases the risk of what diseases?
Definition
Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease
Term
When should appetite suppressants and/or fat absorption inhibitors be taken?
Definition
Only in extreme cases of obesity
Term
What are the drawbacks of the food group pyramid?
Definition
nutrient density varies within food groups, cultural foods not depicted, food for ill not depicted
Term
Values on the food guide pyramid are based on what?
Definition
2000-calorie intake, should be adjusted to patient's caloric need
Term
Fat consumption should be what percentage of total daily caloric intake?
Definition
30%
Term
What are characteristic of processed foods?
Definition
Low fiber
Term
What is a common relationship between Sodium and Fat content on food labels?
Definition
Na content increases as fat decreases
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