glucose

amino acids

fatty acids

alcohol

Glucose metabolism

atp formed

happens in cytosol of cells

to blood as lactate

mitochondria

citric acid cycle

energy formed

CO2 formed

sources-blood, intracellular protein

anaerobic-cytosol

aerobic-mitochondria

urea formed in liver

sources-blood, cellular triglycerides

aerobic-mitochondria

w/o glucose-ketones formed

w/ glucose-citric acid cycle, CO2 formed

6% of US caloric intake

end products- fatty acids or ATP, CO2, acetaldehyde

needed for conversion of glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and alcohol to chemical intermediates 

used as co-enzymes in generation of atp

conversion of atp for energy production

water soluble vitamin

also called B1

coenzyme for energy metabolism

plays role in synthesis of neurotransmitters

Beriberi

reduced cognitive function

heart failure

fatigue

paralysis

dementia and amnesia

overall weakness

alcoholics

polished rice as main food 

Malabsorption AIDS

whole grains

enriched flour

green leafy vegetables

legumes

pork

water soluble vitamin

B2

transfers energy to ATP

deficiency signs-weakness, dry skin

groups at risk-alcoholics, liver disease, disease

dietary sources- enriched flour products, milk, green leafy vegetables

water soluble vitamin

transfer energy from ATP

formation of fatty acids

deficiency signs-pellagra(dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)

groups at risk-alcoholic, low protein intake

dietary sources- whole grains, enriched flour, protein w/ tryptophan

water soluble vitamin

energy metabolism

deficiency-weakness

groups at risk-people that eat raw egg whites, very rare

dietary sources-meat, milk, egg yolks, nuts

iron

copper

zinc

chromium

iodine

trace mineral

enhances ability of insulin to transport glucose from the blood into cells

deficiency signs-rise in blood glucos levels

gorups at risk- chromium deficiency uncommmon in the US

Dietary Sources- whole grains, mushrooms, nuts, cereals

trace mineral

synthesis of thyroid hormones

regulate bod temperatures and metabolic rates

deficiency signs-goiter, weakness, weight gain, mental retardation

groups at risk- lack of iodized salt, seafood, dairy foods

basal metabolic rate

physical activity

thermic effect of food

heat production

individual variation

gender (female-.9kcal/kg/h) (male-1kcal/kg/h)

lean body mass

age

height

nutritional status

fever

pregnancy, lactation

environmental temperature

obesity-

cardiovascular disease

hypertension

type II diabetes

cancer

osteoarthritis

complications during surgery

emotional disturbances

gallbladder disease

fatty liver disease

weight(lbs)/height squaredx703

weight(kg)/height squared

underweight <18.5

Healthy Weight 18.5-24.9

Overweight 25-29.9

Obese 30-39.9

Morbid Obesity >40

BMR

females 100lbs for 5' in height plus 5lbs for every inch over

males 106lbs for 5' height plus 6lbs for every inch over 

over weight >10% desirable range

Mild obesity >20% desireable range

moderate obesity >40% desireable range

severe obesity >100% desireable range

not useful for those with high muscle mass and people older than 65

body composition is not cosnidered

doesnt consider where fat is located 

Android- excessive abdominal fat, more common in men, fat distributed viscerally, increased risk for type II diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure

Gynecoid- excessive hip fat, distributed subcutaneously, more common in women, associated with fewer health risks, harder to lose

waist circumfrence- measurement of abdominal obesity

defined as - >40 in in men

>35 in in women

Ideal percent body fat

Males- 15-20%

Female- 20-25%

Obesity risk % body fat

Male >25%

Female >30%

Skinfold Measurement

measures body fat

good technique needed

primarily measures subcutaneous

the more fat tissue present the less the individual will weigh when submerged under water

% body fat is calculated based on the relationship between body weight, density, and volume

not useful for children and elderly

measures how much air your body displaces within the chamber

% body fat calculated based on body weight, density and volume

based on the principle that fat impedes the flow of electricity

a low level current is passed through the body

% body fat is proportional to the body's resisitance to the flow of current

dehydrated ppl will appear leaner

uses low level x-rays to differentiate among bone tissue, lean tissue, and fat tissue

high cost

energy imbalance

genetics

metabolic influences

Fat Cells

Environmental influences

gene defects

could account for 70% of an individual's propensity to gain weight

identical twins raised apart tend to have similar weight gain patterns

Thrifty Gene Theory-Thrifty genes are genes which enable individuals to efficiently collect and process food to deposit fat during periods of food abundance in order to provision for periods of food shortage (feast and famine)

set-point theory- each person is programmed to weigh a certain amount or have a particular level of body fat, people become obese because they have a high set-point

Energy regulating hormones- ghrelin, leptin

Fat cells- body fat=number of fat cells times the amount of fat in cell, childhood overeating causes more fat cells, obese who lose weight have same number of fat cells

Low metabolic rate

Low levels of spontaneous physical activity 

Low fat oxidation

TV

Portion Sizes

Alcohol

Fast Food

Infrastructure

Marketing

Schools

Food Cart

ideal reducing diet

satifies all nutrient needs except energy

meet individual tastes and habits

foods are readily obtainable

favors development/maintenance of changed eating patterns

consistent with the improvement of overall health

Long-term succes weight loss program

moderation

exercise- 60-90 min of moderate activity

energy deficit- patience, 500kcal/day to lose 1lb a week, not below 1200 kcal/d

Foods- carbs(complex), dietary fiber, fat between 10-30% of total calories, protein, variety, include breakfast every day, self-monitoring

cells multiply out of control and disrupt normal functioning 

pose no problems

cells adhere to one another

do not invade into other tissues

cancerous

resists treatment

harmful cells dont adhere, they invade surrounding tissue

natural and synthetic air pollutants

pestcides

plant(food) and microbial toxins

increases cell division, does not cause cancer

alcohol

high estrogen level

dietary fat(causes body to secrete more hormones)

decrease risk of tumor formation

dietary fiber

energy

antioxidants

cruciferous veggies(phytochemicals)

High fiber diet

High intake of fruits and veggies

Low fat

Moderate alcohol intake

calorie reduction

Oxidation

caused by free radicals

endogenous(produced in the body)

energy metabolism(aerobic)

 detoxification of drugs result in free radicals

exogenous(exposure to air pollution, ultraviolet rays from sun, tobacco smoke, industrial chemicals)

react with free radicals to make them less harmful

nutrients, enzymes, ascorbic acid

water soluble vitamin

immune function

skin/blood vessel health

increases iron absorption

deficiency signs- scurvy, fragile blood vessels, decreased appetite, decreased growth, anemia, increase rate of infections

groups at risk-smokers, physical stress, alcoholics

dietary sources- citrus fruit, tomato, dark green veggies, potato

lipid soluble vitamin

antioxidant for lipids in the body

dficiency signs- anemia, neuromuscular disease

groups at risk- preterm infants, ppl eating very little fat, people with fat malabsorption, people who smoke

Dietary sources- plant oils, whole grains, nuts and seeds, enriched eggs

lipid soluble 

carotenoids(phytochemical, B-carotene)

Vitamin A(vision, cell differentiation, bone health, immune function, antioxidant)

B-carotene(conversion to Vitamin A, antioxidant)

deficiency signs- night blindness, xerophthalmia, impaired immunity, hyperkeratosis)

groups at risk- infants and children, ppl eating very little fat, ppl with fat malabsorption

fortified milk and milk products

eggs liver

dark green veggies

dark orange fruit

apricots

tomatoes

deep orange veggies

squash, sweet potatoes

Trace mineral

cofactor for an antioxidant enzyme

Deficiency signs- forms of heart disease, higher rates of some form of cancers

groups at risk- people wo eat food from areas where soild levels of selenium are low

dietary sources- pork, fish, and organ meats, plants

chemical substances found in plants

give color, flavor, odor, protection to plants, 

antioxidant properties

not essential

obtained via diet

heart disease(oxidative damage to LDL and cholesterol)

Age-related (cataracts, cognitive function, arthritis)

Diabetes

Cancer (breast, lung, colon, prostate)

storage of calcium and phosphate

support 

protection

movement

formation of blood cells

99% of all the calcium in the body is the bone

Basic structur is calcium phosphate/calcium carbonate with protein

childhood(formation is greater than breakdown)

Adults 35-45(formaton equals breakdown)

Adults over 45 (break down is greater than formation)

After menopause(breakdown is much greater than formation)

major mineral nutrient

bone structure 

nerve transmission

muscle contraction 

blood clotting

vascular control

deficiency signs- tetany, osteoporosis, hypertension

groups at risk- poor, children, pregnant women, elderly, ppl with low calcium, post menopausal women

Dairy

beans

broccoli

dried fruits

tofu

molasses

fortified foods

found as phosphate

part of DNA structure, RNA structure, phospholipids, ATP

component of bone

deficiency signs- weakness, loss appetite, muscle pain

groups at risk- rare, preterm infants, elderly, excess alcohol intake, postmenopausal women

dietary sources- meat, milk, eggs, nuts, fish, baked goods, soda pop

very water soluble

part of teeth

makes teeth resistant to dental caries

deficiency signs- dental caries with poor mouth hygiene

groups at risk- people who drink unflouridated water, people who use unflouridated toothpaste

dieatary sources- most public drinking water, toothpaste, tea, seafood

fat soluble vitamin

acts as hormone

bone metabolism

calcium absorption by intestine

calcium reabsorption by kidney

deficiency signs- rickets, osteomalacia

groups at risk- people with fat malabsorption, ppl with kidney or liver failure, ppl not getting enough sunlight, ppl with low milk consumption

Sources- fortified milk, egg yolk, fish oil, sunlight

can come from high dietary phosphate, low dietary calcium

results in bone breakdown, activation of Vitamin D, increased intestinal absorption of Calcium, Decreased urinary loss of Calcium

loss of bone mineral and protein

bones strength lessened

50% of women over 45 yrs old

90% of women over 75 yrs od

over 1 million fractures a year in US

risk factors-age, gender and hormones, race(caucasions highest, then asians, then african americans), smoking, low calcium and Vitamin D intake, Physical activity 

higher calcium and Vitamin D intake when young

avoid high intake of phosphorous

avoid smoking

avoid underweight

exercise

GI- try to consume supplements in smaller doses throughout the day, absorbed better with meal, excess calcium linked to kidney stones and miner imbalances

Synthetic- calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, malate, lactate

Natural- oyster shells, dolomite, bone meal