Term
| CALCIFIED STRUCTURES INCLUDE _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ AND _____________ UNDERGO CONSTANT REMODELING |
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Definition
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Term
| THE ORGANIC MATRIX OF BONE IS __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| FORMATION OF COLLAGEN REQUIRES _________________ |
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Definition
| •PROTEIN, VITAMIN C, IRON, COPPER, AND ZINC |
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Term
| ONCE COLLAGEN IS FORMED, ______________ BEGINS |
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Definition
•MINERALIZATION
•CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, MAGNESIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CARBONATE IONS FORM MINERAL MATRIX |
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Term
| ___ TO ___% OF TOTAL BONE CALCIUM REMAINS IN AMORPHOUS FORM |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 CALCIFIED STRUCTURES OF TEETH? |
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Definition
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Term
| CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF ENAMEL |
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Definition
| •IS ONE OF THE MOST INSOLUBLE AND RESISTANT PROTEINS KNOWN |
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Term
| THE MINERAL CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF TEETH IS COMPARABLE TO __________________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| •THE SAME CONSTITUENTS AS BONE, BUT ITS STRUCTURE IS MORE DENSE |
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Term
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Definition
| •A BONE-LIKE SUBSTANCE, BUT BECAUSE IT CONTAINS FEWER MINERAL, IT IS SOFTER THAN BONE |
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Term
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Definition
| •INORGANIC ELEMENTS THAT HAVE MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS |
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Term
| INORGANIC ELEMENTS IN THE BODY ACCOUNT FOR ___ OF TOTAL BODY WEIGHT |
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Definition
| •4% (OR 6LB FOR A 150LB PERSON) |
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Term
| MINERALS ARE SUBDIVIDED INTO WHAT 2 CATEGORIES? |
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Definition
•MAJOR MINERALS (REQUIRED IN LARGER AMOUNTS)
•MICRONUTRIENTS OR TRACE ELEMENTS (REQUIRED IN SMALLER AMOUNTS) |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE MOST ABUNDANT MINERAL IN THE BODY? |
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Definition
•CALCIUM (~1200g)
•99% IN THE BONES AND TEETH
•1% IN THE BLOOD |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM? |
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Definition
•BONE HEALING
•BLOOD CLOTTING
•TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSES
•MUSCLE CONSTRICTION AND RELAXATION
•MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY
•ACTIVATE CERTAIN ENZYMES
•SALIVARY CALCIUM ACTS AS A BUFFER |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS OF CALCIUM? |
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Definition
•CHILDREN 9-13 - 1300 MG/DAY
•ADULTS 19-50 - 1000 MG/DAY
•ADULTS 51-70 - 1200 MG/DAY |
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Term
| HOW MANY AMERICANS MEET THE AI FOR CALCIUM? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS THE CURRENT AVERAGE CALCIUM INTAKE FOR MALES AGES 9 AND OLDER? |
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Definition
| •~925 MG/DAY (ONLY 71% OF THE AI) |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE CURRENT AVERAGE CALCIUM INTAKE FOR FEMALES AGES 9 AND OLDER? |
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Definition
| •~657 MG/DAY (ONLY 51% OF THE AI) |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE CURRENT AVERAGE CALCIUM INTAKE FOR THOSE SELF-DIAGNOSED WITH LACTOSE INTOLERANCE? |
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Definition
| •~320 MG/DAY (ONLY 25% OF THE AI) |
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Term
| GENERALLY, INADEQUATE INTAKES OF CALCIUM AFFECTS ____________ MORE THAN ______________ |
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Definition
| •BONE MASS MORE THAN TOOTH STRUCTURE |
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Term
| IF THE CALCIUM LEVEL GOES UP IN THE BODY _____________ |
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Definition
| •PHOSPHORUS LEVELS GO DOWN |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE IDEAL CALCIUM TO PHOSPHORUS RATIO FOR ADULTS? |
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Definition
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Term
| EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF PHOSPHORUS COMPARED WITH CALCIUM: |
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Definition
| •REDUCES SERUM CALCIUM CONCENTRATION |
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Term
| CALCIUM REQUIREMENTS ARE INCREASED WHEN: |
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Definition
| •DIETARY PHOSPHATE IS HIGH (AS IN THE TYPICAL AMERICAN DIET) |
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Term
| CALCIUM ABSORPTION IS REGULATED BY: |
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Definition
| •SEVERAL HORMONES INCLUDING PARATHYROID, ESTROGEN, GLUCOCORTICOIDS, AND THYROID |
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Term
| CALCIUM IS BEST ABSORBED WHEN: |
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Definition
| •CONSUMED IN SMALLER AMOUNTS AND INGESTED SEVERAL TIMES DURING THE DAY |
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME FACTORS THAT DECREASE CALCIUM ABSORPTION? |
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Definition
•OXYLATES (IN VEGETABLES) AND PHYTATES (IN GRAINS)
•REDUCED GASTRIC ACIDITY
•EXCESSIVE FIBER
•LOW-PROTEIN, LOW-PHOSPHORUS DIETS |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF CALCIUM? |
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Definition
•MILK AND DAIRY
•FORTIFIED SOY AND RICE MILK
•OTHER FORTIFIED FOODS (ORANGE JUICE) |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE PREFERRED SOURCE OF CALCIUM? WHY? |
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Definition
| •MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS BECAUSE OF HIGH CALCIUM, LACTOSE, AND OTHER NUTRIENT CONTENT THAT ENHANCES CALCIUM ABSORPTION |
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Term
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Definition
•LIMITED BIOAVAILABILITY (BENEFITS MAY BE LESS THAN EXPECTED)
•BETTER ABSORBED WHEN TAKEN WITH FOOD |
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Term
| WHICH TYPES OF CALCIUM HAVE HIGH ABSORPTION RATES? |
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Definition
•CALCIUM MALATE
•CALCIUM LACTATE
•CALCIUM CITRATE
•CALCIUM SULFATE |
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Term
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Definition
| •EXCESS CALCIUM LEVELS IN THE BLOOD (OBSERVED MOST COMMONLY IN CHILDREN 5-8 MONTHS OLD) |
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Term
| HYPERCALCEMIA IS USUALLY CAUSED BY: |
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Definition
•HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
•OVERDOSES OF CHOLECALCIFEROL
•VITAMIN D POISONING |
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Term
| EXCESSIVE CALCIUM INTAKE RESULTS IN: |
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Definition
•DIZZINESS
•FLUSHING
•NAUSEA/VOMITING
•SEVERE CONSTIPATION
•KIDNEY STONE FORMATION
•IRREGULAR HEARTBEAT
•TINGLING SENSATION
•XEROSTOMIA
•FATIGUE
•HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE |
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Term
| EXCESSIVE CALCIUM INTAKE MAY INHIBIT _______________ |
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Definition
| •IRON AND ZINC ABSORPTION |
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Term
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Definition
•ABNORMAL OSSIFICATION RESULTING FROM VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM DEFICIENCIES DURING CHILDHOOD
•POROUS, SOFT BONES |
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Term
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Definition
•AGE RELATED DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY DECREASED BONE MASS, BONES ARE EASILY FRACTURED
•"OSTEOPOROSIS IS A DISEASE OF ADOLESCENCE"
•CAUSED BY INADEQUATE CALCIUM INTAKE IN EARLY LIFE
• |
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Term
| __% OF BONE MASS IS ATTAINED BY AGE 16.9 + OR - 1.3 YEARS AND __% BY AGE 26.2 + OR - 3.7 YEARS |
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Definition
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Term
| INADEQUATE CALCIUM INTAKE IN EARLY LIFE ACCOUNTS FOR AS MUCH AS __% OF DIFFERENCE IN HIP FRACTURE RATES IN POSTMENOPAUSAL YEARS |
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Definition
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Term
| REDUCTION IN TOTAL SKELETAL MASS IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO: |
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Definition
| •REDUCTION IN MANDIBULAR BONE DENSITY IN WOMEN WITH OSTEOPOROSIS |
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Term
| POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WHO LOST TEETH, ALSO: |
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Definition
| •LOST BONE MINERAL OF THE WHOLE BODY AND FEMORAL NECK AT GREATER RATES THAN THOSE WHO RETAINED THEIR TEETH |
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Term
| SYSTEMIC BONE LOSS SEEMS TO BE: |
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Definition
| •A PREDICTOR OF TOOTH LOSS IN DENTATE POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN |
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Term
| A STUDY OF NHANES DATA SUGGESTS A __% INCREASED RISK OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE WITH CALCIUM INTAKES LESS THAN ___ MG/DAY |
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Definition
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Term
| WOMEN CONSUMING FROM 500 TO 800 MG/DAY OF CALCIUM HAVE A __% GREATER RISK OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ IS THE SECOND MOST ABUNDANT MINERAL IN THE BODY |
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Definition
• PHOSPHORUS
• ~85% IN THE SKELETON AND TEETH |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF PHOSPHORUS? |
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Definition
•FORMATION OF BONES AND TEETH
•MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND NERVE ACTIVITY
•COMPONENT OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN CELL MEMBRANES, DNA, AND RNA
•ENERGY METABOLISM (ADP)
•BUFFER FOR THE BODY |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE RDA OF PHOSPHORUS FOR ADULTS? |
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Definition
| •MEN AND WOMEN - 700MG/DAY |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS? |
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Definition
•IT IS ABUNDANT IN FOODS (DEFICIENCY IS RARE)
•BEST SOURCES ARE MILK PRODUCTS AND MEAT |
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Term
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Definition
•SERUM LEVEL ABOVE 2.6 MG/DL
•MAY OCCUR IN HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
•EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF PHOSPHORUS BIND WITH CALCIUM, RESULTING IN TETANY (MUSCLE CRAMPS) AND CONVULSIONS |
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Term
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Definition
•MAY OCCUR WITH:
-LONG-TERM INGESTION OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE ANTACIDS
-CERTAIN STRESS CONDITIONS IN WHICH CALCIUM-TO-PHOSPHORUS BALANCE IS DISTURBED
-INTESTINAL CONDITIONS (SPRUE AND CELIAC DISEASE) THAT RESULT IN PHOSPHORUS MALABSORPTION DEFICIENCIES |
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Term
| DURING TOOTH DEVELOPMENT, PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY RESULTS IN: |
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Definition
•INCOMPLETE CALCIFICATION OF TEETH
•FAILURE OF DENTIN FORMATION
•INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CARIES |
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Term
| BONE CONTAINS __________ OF THE BODY'S MAGNESIUM |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF MAGNESIUM? |
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Definition
•PLAYS A ROLE IN BONE AND MINERAL PHYSIOLOGY
•COFACTOR FOR MORE THAN 300 ENZYMES
•NECESSARY FOR DNA AND RNA SYNTHESIS
•REGULATES TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION
•ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMIN D CONVERSION IN THE LIVER
•FACILITATES BLOOD CLOTTING
•FACILITATES PTH SECRETION |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE RDA FOR MAGNESIUM FOR ADULTS 19-30? |
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Definition
•MEN - 400MG/DAY
•WOMEN - 310MG/DAY |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE UL FOR MAGNESIUM? |
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Definition
| •350MG/DAY FROM NONFOOD SOURCES (SUPPLEMENTS) |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF MAGNESIUM? |
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Definition
•DARK GREEN, LEAFY VEGETABLES
•WHOLE GRAINS AND NUTS
•CHOCOLATE |
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Term
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Definition
•DEFICIENCIES ARE RARE IN HEALTHY PEOPLE
•CAN BE CAUSED BY PROLONGED VOMITING, MALABSORPTION, KIDNEY DISEASE, INTESTINAL SURGERY, EXCESSIVE USE OF OTC AND MEDS (CORTICOSTEROIDS, DIURETICS)
•PRESENT IN NEARLY ALL CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY? |
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Definition
•FRAGILITY OF ALVEOLAR BONE AND GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY
•CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS
•NEUROMUSCULAR HYPEREXCITABILITY |
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Term
| OVERCONSUMPTION OF MAGNESIUM |
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Definition
•NO EVIDENCE OF OVERCONSUMPTION FROM FOOD SOURCES
•KIDNEYS REGULATE MAGNESIUM AND TOXICITY MAY CAUSE KIDNEY FAILURE |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF HYPERSTATES OF MAGNESIUM? |
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Definition
•DIARRHEA
•NAUSEA
•CRAMPING |
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Term
| MAGNESIUM MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN: |
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Definition
| •REGULATING BLOOD PRESSURE |
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Term
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Definition
| •DIETARY APPROACHES TO STOP HYPERTENSION |
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Term
| THE DASH STUDY SUGGESTS THAT HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE CAN BE LOWERED BY: |
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Definition
•A DIET HIGH IN MAGNESIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CALCIUM, AND LOW IN SODIUM AND FAT
•DIET INCLUDES WHOLE GRAINS, FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND LOW-FAT DAIRY |
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Term
| IS FLUORIDE ESSENTIAL FOR HEALTH? |
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Definition
| •NO. IT HAS NO KNOWN METABOLIC FUNCTION |
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Term
| WHY IS FLUORIDE CONSIDERED A DESIRABLE ELEMENT FOR HUMANS? |
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Definition
| •BECAUSE OF ITS BENEFITS TO DENTAL AND BONE HEALTH |
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Term
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Definition
| •CAN REPLACE HYDROXYL IONS IN THE HYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTAL LATTICE, MAKING IT MORE RESISTANT TO CARIES |
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Term
| FLUORIDE FORMS _________, WHICH IS __________________ |
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Definition
•FLUORAPATITE
•MORE RESISTANT TO CARIES |
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Term
| SYSTEMIC FLUORIDE RESULTS IN: |
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Definition
| •CHANGES TO TOOTH MORPHOLOGY, WHICH INCREASES THE TOOTH'S RESISTANCE TO ADHERENCE OF PLAQUE BIOFILM |
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Term
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Definition
| •INTERFERES WITH DEMINERALIZATION |
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Term
| HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF FLUORIDE: |
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Definition
| •INHIBIT STREP MUTANS , STREP SOBRINUS, AND LACTOBACILLUS SPECIES |
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Term
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Definition
| •OSTEOBLAST PROLIFERATION AND INCREASES NEW MINERAL DEPOSITION IN CANCELLOUS BONE |
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Term
| WHERE DOES ABSORPTION OF FLUORIDE OCCUR? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS THE AI OF FLUORIDE? |
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Definition
•6-12 MO -0.5 MG/DAY
•1-3 YEARS - 0.7 MG/DAY
•2-8 YEARS - 1.1 MG/DAY
•9-13 YEARS - 2.0 MG/DAY
•14-18 YEARS - 2.9 MG/DAY
•19+ YEARS -3.1 TO 3.8 MG/DAY |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE UL OF FLUORIDE? |
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Definition
•6-12 MONTHS - 0.9 MG/DAY
•1-3 YEARS - 1.3 MG/DAY
•4-8 YEARS - 2.2 MG/DAY
•9+ YEARS - 10 MG/DAY |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF FLUORIDE? |
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Definition
•FLUORIDATED WATER
•BREWED TEA
•OCEAN FISH WITH BONES (SALMON, HERRING, SARDINES) |
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Term
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Definition
•HYPOMINERALIZATION OF ENAMEL
•DIRECTLY RELATED TO FLUORIDE EXPOSURE DURING TOOTH DEVELOPMENT
•VARIES FROM WHITE FLECKS, TO WHITE OR BROWN STAINING, TO BROWNISH DISCOLORATION AND VARYING DEGREES OF ENAMEL PITTING |
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Term
| INGESTION OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF FLUORIDE IN ADULTS CAN RESULT IN: |
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Definition
| •ADVERSE EFFECTS ON SKELETAL TISSUE AND KIDNEY FUNCTION |
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Term
| FOR WHOM SHOULD YOU ENCOURAGE THE USE OF FLUORIDATED WATER? |
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Definition
•ANYONE OVER 6 MONTHS OF AGE
•ALSO, ENCOURAGE TOPICAL FLUORIDES FOR ADULTS AND CHILDREN |
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Term
| WHAT SOURCES FOR CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM SHOULD YOU ENCOURAGE? |
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Definition
| •LOW-FAT DAIRY, WHOLE GRAINS, AND VEGETABLES |
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Term
| YOU SHOULD STRESS THE NEED TO MINIMIZE: |
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Definition
| •THE USE OF ANTACIDS AND SEEK MEDICAL CARE FOR CHRONIC HEARTBURN |
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