Term
| Liver is a rich source of |
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Definition
| vit A, vit E, vit K, phosphorous, chromium, Iron, riboflavin, Niacin, folate, choline |
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Definition
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Definition
| GI bacteria, dark green leafy |
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Definition
milk/cheese (retinol)
deep orange & dark and leafy F/V (B carotene) |
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Definition
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Definition
fortified, enrichhed or whole grain products
PORK |
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Definition
| milk products, enriched/whole/fortified grains |
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Definition
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Definition
| widespread in foods, GI bacteria |
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Definition
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Definition
| legumes, vegetables, foritifed grains |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| part of TPP in energy metabolism |
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Definition
| part of FAD/FMN in energy metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| part of NAD/NADP in energy metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| TCA cycle enzy in energy E metab |
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Term
| pantothenic acid function |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| antixodiant, immune function, iron absorption, synthesis of collagen, hormone carnitines, neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
protects nerves, activates folate, helps synthesis new DNA
part of coenzs methylcoblamin/adenylsylcobalamin
regernates met |
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Term
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Definition
PMP and PLP in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism,
converts tryp--> niacin and serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| DHF and THF in DNA synthesis, activates B12, helps synthesize new DNA for cell growth |
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Term
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Definition
hormone secreted by pituitary gland when blood V/P falls, triggers kidneys to reabsorb H20 and excrete less
CONTROLS H20 |
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Term
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Definition
| enz released from kidneys to reabsorb Na and H20 follows which increases blood V/P |
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Term
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Definition
| enz hydrolyzed by renin liver, which (once converted to angioII active form) is a vasoconstrictor which narrows diameters of blood vessels to increase V/P |
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Term
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Definition
hormone secreted by adrenal gland signals kidneys to excrerte K and retain Na and thus water
CONTROLS ELECTROLYTES |
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Term
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Definition
| sodium, chloride, potassium calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sulphur, |
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Term
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Definition
| iron, zinc, manganese, selenium, molybdenum, copper, iodine, fluoride, chromium |
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Term
| phyates are in ______ & _____ whereas oxalates are in _______ both limit absorption of __ |
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Definition
legumes/grain
V/F like rhubarb/spinach
CALCIUM |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excessive sodium losses cause sodium deficiency |
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Term
| principle cation outside cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| salt sensitive ppl have higher ___ in blood |
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Definition
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Term
| principle anion outside cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| low sodium, high Ca, Mg, K |
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Term
| 3 organs involved in Ca balance |
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Definition
| bones, intestines, kidneys |
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Term
| what happens with ca is HIGH? |
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Definition
Calcitonin is secreted from the THYROID gland and triggers:
1) inhibits activation of Vit D
2) prevents reabsorption of ca reabsorption in kidneys
3) decreased ca reabsorption in intestines
4) decreased osteoclast cells from breaking down bone so less Ca mobilization from bones
these trigger decrease in Ca which decreases calcitonin |
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Term
| what happens when Ca is LOW |
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Definition
parathyroid hormone secreted from parathyroid
1) activation of vit D
2) vitD+ thyroid signal: increased reabsorption from kidneys
3) VitD signals intestines to increase reabsorption
4) vit D+ thyroid hormone triggers osteoclasts to break down bones and mobilize Ca
all these actions increase Ca which inhibits Parathyroid homrone |
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Term
factors that enhance Ca absorption?
imhibit? |
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Definition
stomach acid, vit D, lactose (infants)
low stomach acid, low vitt D, phytates, oxalates, phosphourous |
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Term
peak bone years?
active growth?
loss? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2nd most abundant mineral |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extreme prolonged contaction of muscles seen with deficiency in Ca and Mg |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _______ exists in food whereas ____ is the oxidized form used by the body (regards to major minerals) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
factors that enhance iron absorption
inhibit |
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Definition
MFP, acid, sucrose, vit C
vegetable proteins, phytates, calcium, tannic acid (coffe) |
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Term
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Definition
| liver, also bone marrow and spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone produced by liver that regulates iron balance |
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Term
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Definition
| % of total blood volume that consists of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically determined failure to prevent absorption of unneeded dietary iron |
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Term
| toxicity of alcohol depends on |
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Definition
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Term
| factors that can influence BAC |
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Definition
dose
rate at which it is consumed
presence of food
ADH (gender)
rate of absorption from GI tract
metabolism and excretion
tolerance
age, sex, genetic factors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| standard drink (3) and overall (1) |
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Definition
12oz beer (341mL)
5oz wine (142mL)
1.5oz (43mL)
overall: each drink contains 1/2 oz (13.6g) |
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Term
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Definition
| alcohol dehydrogenase begins the breakdown of alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| converts acetaldehyde to acetate which is eventually converted to acetyl coA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| why does fatty liver occur? |
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Definition
| alcohol shifts metabolism toward the production of fatty acids which accumulate in teh lvier cells |
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Term
| name 3 metabolic effects of alcohol |
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Definition
1) shifts toward production of fatty acids
2) impairs glucose production and uses acetyl coA to make ketone bodies
3) increases lactate production which leads to lactic acidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| microsomal ethanol oxidizing system which metabolizes other drugs and alcohol, but since alcohol gets priority other drugs might build up and reach fatal doses |
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Term
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Definition
| 10% of alcohol is excreted unchanged by breath |
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Term
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Definition
| liver cells die and form scar tissue (some regeneration) |
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Term
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Definition
liver cells harden and lose their function
least reversible liver damage caused by alcohol |
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Term
| effects on heart of alcohol |
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Definition
moderation--> increased HDL
heavy: dilated cadriomyopathy (enlarged/dilated/less efficient heart) and increased blood pressure |
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Term
| effect of alcohol on cancer |
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Definition
| liver, mouth ,pharynx, larynx, esophagus and stomach |
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Term
| alcohol effects on joints |
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Definition
| gout because of imparied excretion of uric acid which becomes deposited as ctyals in joints |
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Term
two nutrient deficiencies fro alcohol
why? |
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Definition
folate and thiamine
liver cant retain folate and is excreted from kidneys AND intestine cannot reabsorb folate |
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Term
| why does homocystein build up from alcohol |
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Definition
| because folate is needed to convert homocysteine to methionine and this is impaired and high homocysteine contributes to heart disease and the lack of methionine impairs production of cells in intestine and blood |
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Term
| why does thiamine deficiency occur (easy) |
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Definition
| less intake (diet) and more excretion |
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Term
| what other two vitamins are also affected (minor) by liver damage from alcohol (4) |
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Definition
activation of vit D and conversion of vit A
B6 is dislodged from its protective binding protein by acetaldehyde
fail to absorb b12 |
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Term
| what kind of drug is alcohol |
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Definition
| depressant, sedates inhibitory nerves |
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Term
| why does alcohol make you vulnerable to ulcers |
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Definition
| causes stomach cells to oversecrete gastic acid and histamine (inflammation) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| obesity was ___% higher and overweight was ____ higher with real data vs. self reported |
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Definition
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Term
how many canadiens are obese?
% ?
million? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many men and women had increased health risks because of weight? |
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Definition
| 60.9% of men and 43.7% of women |
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Term
which two provinces are below national obesity average?
which 5 were above? |
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Definition
BC abd QB
labrador, NS, NF, NB, MN, SK |
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Term
obesity from 2003-2010 rose?
Men?
women? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the lowest obesity rate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| in middle aged people 20-54 more women than men were obese? True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much kcal deficit is needed to loose 1pound? |
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Definition
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Term
| when weight loss occurs it is generally __% fat and __% lean tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| rapid weight loss is __% fat and __% lean tissue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| feeling of satisfaction and fulless that occurs during a meal and halts eating. STOP EATING |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal. DONT START EATING AGAIN |
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Term
3 components that influence calorie expendititure
Which requires the highest kca? |
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Definition
basal metabolism, physical activity and thermic effect of food
BMR |
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Term
| which food has the hihgest thermic effect? |
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Definition
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Term
| effect of fasting on BMR? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| resting metabolic rate when BMR cannot be determined |
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Term
BMI:
underweight
normal
overweight |
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Definition
under: <18.5
normal: 18.5-24.9
over: 25-29 |
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Term
| most important indicator of health status? |
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Definition
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Term
what waist circumference is most dangerous for
men?
Asian men
women?
Asian women? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ob is an obesity gene that is expressed in fat cells and codes for Leptin which acts as a hormone in the hypothalamus and is secreted from adipose tissues and stomach cells and suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure. (genetic deficiency fror leptin in 3 fat kids) |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone secreted by stomach cells and acts in the hypothalamus to increase appetite and decrease energy usage |
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Term
| brown fat is related to BIM? true or false? |
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Definition
| false it is inversely related |
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Term
| why do people regain weight from fad diets |
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Definition
| if they are based on starvation this decreases BMR sp lower BMR prevents you from burning as many kcal as previously |
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Term
| two drugs for weight loss |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| suppresses appetite by inhibiting serotonin reuptake (taken off market for risk of heart attack) |
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Term
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Definition
| forms a bond with pancreatic lipases and gastic lipases which inhibits them so they cannot hydrolyze fats and are not absorbed. |
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Term
| training and conditioning? |
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Definition
training= practising an acitivty (leads to cond)
conditioning=physical effect of training, improved flex, strength, endurance |
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Term
| metabolic syndrome is 3 of the following: |
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Definition
increased BP
increased TG
decreased HDL
insulin resistance |
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Term
| with fat loss what happens to fat cells? |
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Definition
| The size shrinks but the number remains te same |
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Term
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Definition
| lipoprotein lipase, stores TGs from blood in adipose tissue and muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| proposes that the body tends to maintain a weight by means of its own internal control |
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Term
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Definition
| true genetic role of diabetes (exception) |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum rate of O2 consumption by an individual at sea level |
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Term
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Definition
| max blood discharged by heart each min |
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Term
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Definition
ATP is energy for mechanical movement and heat
CP in muscle lastat about 10 sec and maintains a steady supply of ATP |
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Term
| fuel in muscles depends on |
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Definition
diet
intensity and duration
training |
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Term
| why is alcohol a poor workout drink? |
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Definition
| poor source of carb (2/3 of kcal are alcohol) and energy generates HEAT but doesnt fuel muscle because it is metabolized in the liver |
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Term
| natural folate is better absorbed than synthetic? True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| which vitamin can Tryp be converted into? |
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Definition
| Niacin with the help of B6 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which water soluble vitamin is stored in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| RDA for dietary folate equivalents? |
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Definition
| 400mcg and for pregnant women is 600mcg dfe |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| alpha tocopherol is another name for |
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Definition
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Term
| which two diseases respond to vit E |
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Definition
| fibrocytic breast disease and intermittent claudication |
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Term
| what is phylloquinone another name for |
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Definition
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Term
| how much of our weight is water? |
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Definition
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Term
how much of lean tissue is water?
how much of fat weight is water? |
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Definition
lean tissue= 3/4
fat = 1/4 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| principle organs that regulated H20? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis |
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Term
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Definition
| psychiatric disorder characterized by preoccupation with building body mass |
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Term
how much activity for adults each week?
kids every day? |
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Definition
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