Term
| The organic, inorganic, and energy producing substances found in foods required for body functioning |
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Definition
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Term
| the result of the interaction between nutrients and the human body |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 major functions of nutrients |
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Definition
1. provide energy for body process and movement
2. structural material for body tissues,
3. regulate body processes |
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Term
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Definition
1. water
2. macronutrients
3. micronutrients |
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Term
| the body's most basic nutrient need |
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Definition
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Term
| water's functions (nutrition) |
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Definition
1. metabolism
2.transporter
3.lubricant
4.insulator
5.shock absorber
6. temperature |
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Term
| provide fuel that converts to energy; found in carbohydrates, proteins and fats |
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Definition
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Term
| two basic kinds of carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
| simple carbohydrates consist of |
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Definition
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Term
| complex carbohydrates consist of |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Kinds of simple carbohydrates |
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Definition
1. monosaccharides
2. disaccharides
3. polysaccharides |
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Term
| _________ simplest form of all carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are water soluble |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _________ means "does not dissolve in water" |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ means "dissolves in water" |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ cannot be digested |
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Definition
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Term
| supplies roughage, or bulk, to the diet, helping the digestive track eliminate waste |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ helps weight control, treats constipation, lowers blood cholesterol, stabilizes blood glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| daily recommended fiber intake per day |
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Definition
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Term
| altering of food from natural state |
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Definition
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Term
| often referred to as empty calories |
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Definition
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Term
| the end products of carbohydrate digestion are _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| body uses ________ to produce energy |
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Definition
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Term
| digested carbohydrate is absorbed by the _______ ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| hormone secreted by pancreas needed for glucose to be transported into the cells |
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Definition
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Term
| medical condition where the pancreas fails to produce adequate amounts of insulin in the bloodstream to lower/control blood glucose level, or facilitate glucose entering cells |
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Definition
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Term
| digested carbohydrates are maintained in the body either as _________ or _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| glycogen formation process |
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Definition
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Term
| process of glycogen being converted back into glucose when needed to maintain blood levels or provide energy |
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Definition
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Term
| organic substances composed of amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| the building blocks of proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| amino acids are categorized as either _________ or __________ |
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Definition
| essential or nonessential |
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Term
| _______ amino acids are those that cannot be manufactured in the body and must be supplied by ingesting protein |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ amino acids are those that the body can manufacture |
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Definition
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Term
| amino acids that in certain conditions cannot be produced in sufficient quantities from other amino acids |
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Definition
| conditionally essential amino acids |
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Term
| there are ____ essential amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| there are ____ nonessential amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| proteins may be _____ or ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ proteins contain all nine essential amino acids plus many nonessential ones |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ proteins lack one or more essential amino acids and are usually derived from vegetables |
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Definition
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Term
| only plant source of complete proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| when foods containing some essential amino acids are combined with others so that together they contain all nine essential amino acids, the foods are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ proteins are plant based, less expensive, and contain less fat |
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Definition
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Term
| most protein is digested in the _____ ________ where enymes break it down into the end products of protein digestion |
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Definition
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Term
| end products of protein digestion |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are transported to the liver, where some are used to synthesize specific proteins such as albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| body cannot store excess _____ ______ for future use |
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Definition
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Term
| protein metabolism includes 3 activities |
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Definition
1. anabolism
2. catabolism
3. nitrogen balance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| a measure of the intake and loss of nitrogen |
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Definition
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Term
| organic substances that are greasy and insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are lipids that are solid at room temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are lipids that are liquid at room temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| the basic structural units of most lipids (made of carbon chains and hydrogen) |
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Definition
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Term
| simple lipids (most common) |
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Definition
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Term
| account for over 90% of the lipids in food and in the body; contain 3 fatty acids |
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Definition
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Term
| triglycerides may be ________ or __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| found in animal products, such as butter, and are usually solid at room temperature (harder means more fat); contribute to elevated blood cholesterol; considered unhealthy |
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Definition
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Term
| usually liquid at room temperature and are found in plant products; lower blood cholesterol; healthier |
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Definition
| unsaturated triglycerides |
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Term
| fat like substance that is both produced by the body and found in foods of animal origin; most of it is synthesized in the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| needed by the body to form bile acids and to synthesize steroid hormones; primary lipid connected to heart disease |
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Definition
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Term
| normal "total cholesterol" |
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Definition
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Term
| triglycerides normal level |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| test for lipoproteins and triglycerides |
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Definition
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Term
| it is desirable to have a higher _____ level and a lower ______ evel because the risk of heart disease is greater when _____ is elevated |
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Definition
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Term
| an organic compound that cannot be manufactured by the body and is needed in small quantities to catalyze (trigger) metabolic processes |
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Definition
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Term
| when _______ are lacking in the diet, _______ deficits result. |
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Definition
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Term
| generally classified as fat soluble or water soluble |
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Definition
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|
Term
| water-soluble vitamins include: |
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Definition
| vitamins c, B-complex, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12, pantothenic acid, and biotin. |
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Term
| the body ________ store water-soluble vitamins |
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Definition
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Term
| fat soluble vitamins include |
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Definition
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Term
| The body _____ store fat soluble vitamins |
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Definition
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Term
| Two categories of minerals |
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Definition
1.macrominerals
2.microminerals |
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Term
| minerals that people require daily in amounts over 100mg; including calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfur |
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Definition
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Term
| minerals that people require daily in amounts less than 100 mg; including iron, zinc, manganese, iodine, fluoride, copper, cobalt, chromium, and selenium |
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Definition
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Term
| Micro/Macrominerals are both found in vegetables, fruits, meats, and most essentially, ____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| the relationship between the energy obtained from food and the energy used by the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| body gets ______ from calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and alcohol |
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Definition
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Term
| the term for all the biochemical and physiological processes by which the body grows and maintains itself |
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Definition
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Term
| rate at which the body metabolizes food to maintain the energy requirements of a person who is awake and at rest |
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Definition
| basal metabolic rate (bmr) |
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Term
| lean people have _______ bmr's than overweight people |
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Definition
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Term
| changes in __________ and ___________ occur in older adults and can affect food intake |
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Definition
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Term
| clients should be reminded of the dangers of high _________ intake |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ increase through food, supplements, or both is important for older adults |
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Definition
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Term
| Clients who do not have special needs eat the _______ diet; a balanced diet that supplies the metabolic requirements of a sedentary person |
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Definition
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Term
| diet where food and fluid are prohibited |
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Definition
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Term
| Diet limited to water, tea, coffee, clear broths, ginger ale, and other carbonated beverages, strained and clear juices, and plain gelatin; must be able to see thru |
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Definition
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Term
| diet contains only liquids or foods that turn to liquid: I.e. melted icecream, blended pb&j |
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Definition
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Term
| nutritional concerns with this diet because of the amount of milk offered |
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Definition
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Term
| diet that is easily chewed and digested |
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Definition
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Term
| diet that is ordered when the client's appetite, ability to eat, and the tolerance for certain foods change; allows for choice and evaluation of progress |
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Definition
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Term
| diet consist of plant foods only |
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Definition
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Term
| diet consists of plant foods along with dairy products |
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Definition
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Term
| diet consists of plant foods, dairy products, and eggs |
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Definition
| ovo-lacto vegetarian diet |
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Term
| the first priority in nursing care when performing a nutritional assessment is to obtain the client's |
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Definition
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Term
| the nurse must know how to obtain the client's weight and height accurately, meaning: |
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Definition
| the nurse must use the appropriate equipment |
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Term
| weight recommended for optimal health |
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Definition
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Term
| A person is said to be __________ when the body weight exceeds IBW by up to 20% |
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Definition
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Term
| a person is said to be __________ when the body weight exceeds the IBW by more than 20% |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| means that nutrient intake is insufficient to meet daily energy requirements; it can occur because the person does not eat enough food or because he or she cannot digest or absorb food |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| excess body weight causes _______ on body organs and contributes to chronic health problems such as ________ and __________ ___________ |
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Definition
| stress, hypertension, diabetes mellitus |
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Term
| obesity that interferes with mobility or breathing |
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Definition
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Term
| associated mostly with the starving children of developing countries, and as a significant problem of clients with cancer and chronic disease; characteristics include weight loss and visible muscle and fat wasting |
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Definition
| protein-calorie malnutrition PCM |
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Term
| The 3 most frequent nursing diagnoses related to nutrition are |
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Definition
1. Imbalanced Nutrition: More than body Requirements
2.Imbalanced Nutritioin: Less than Body Requirements
3. Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition |
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Term
| Nursing care of clients with imbalanced nutrition includes assisting with |
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Definition
| changes in diet, monitoring blood glucose, stimulating appetite, assisting with meals, and providing enteral nutrition |
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Term
| clients who have _________ may need to monitor random blood glucose levels throughout the day |
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Definition
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Term
| physical illness, unfamiliar or unpalatable food, environmental and psychological factors, and physical discomfort or pain may _______ a client's appetite |
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Definition
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Term
| decreased food intake is often accompanied by a ________ in fluid intake, which may cause __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Never _______ the feeding process! |
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Definition
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Term
| the nurse ________ decide if an adaptive feeding aid should be used on a client |
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Definition
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Term
| two types of alternative feeding methods are |
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Definition
1. enteral nutrition
2. parenteral nutrition |
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Term
| nutrition through the gastrointestinal system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| enteral access is achieved by _______, ________, ____________, and __________ |
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Definition
1. nasogastric tubes
2. nasointestinal tubes
3. gastrostomy tubes
4. jejunostomy tubes |
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Term
| inserted through one of the nostrils, down to the nasopharynx, and into the stomach; usually firm; |
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Definition
| nasogastric tube (NG Tube) |
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Term
| _________ tubes are used for clients who have INTACT gag reflexes, who have adequate gastric emptying, and who require short-term feedings |
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Definition
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Term
| nasogastric tubes may also be required for other reason than feeing; including |
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Definition
1. prevention of nausea and vomiting
2. to remove stomach contents (i.e. overdose)
3. to wash the stomach of poisons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ tube is longer than the _____________ tube |
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Definition
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Term
| tube that is inserted into one nostril, through the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach, and into the upper small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| insertion of the _______ tube may require special training; used when risk of aspiration is high |
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Definition
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Term
| clients are at risk for aspiration if presenting these 5 conditions |
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Definition
1. Decreased LOC
2. poor cough or gag reflex
3. endotracheal intubation or recent extubation
4. inability to cooperate with the procedure
5. restlessness or agitation |
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Term
| _________ and ___________ devices are used for long term nutritional support, generally for more than 6 to 8 weeks. |
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Definition
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Term
| tube placed surgically or by laparoscopy through the abdominal wall into the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| tube placed surgically or by laparoscopy through the abdominal wall into the intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| before feedings are introduced, tube placement is confirmed by _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the administration of 300 to 500 mL of enteral formula several times per day; usually administered thru the tube into the stomach over at least 30 mins. |
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Definition
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Term
| generally administered over a 24 hour period using an infusion pump that guarantees a constant flow |
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Definition
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Term
| continuous feedings that are administered in less than 24 hours; often administered at night and referred to as "nocturnal feedings", allows the client to eat regular meals throught the day |
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Definition
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|
Term
| any formula that has passed the expiration date or solution that has been opened at room temperature for more than ______ hours must be discarded |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a feeding tube used intermittently can become clogged. this can be prevented by |
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Definition
| flushing the tube with clear water after bolus feedings or administration of medication; always follow facility approved method; prevention is the best way to ensure that the client will be able to receive nutrition via the tube |
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Term
| feedings must be given through _________ when a client is unable to tolerate foods or formula through the gastrointestinal tract |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| there are 2 forms of parenteral nutrition |
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Definition
1. peripheral vein infusions
2. central vein infusions |
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Term
| limited vein infusions that are done in peripheral veins |
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Definition
| peripheral vein infusions |
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Term
| when nutritional needs are great, the use of a large central vein is desirable; TPN is infused throuh a catheter that is surgically inserted into a central vein such as the _________ or the _________ vein; added risk of infection and must be closely monitored. |
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Definition
| central vein infusions; subclavian or femoral vein |
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Term
| two main veins used for central vein infusions |
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Definition
1. subclavian vein
2. femoral vein |
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