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Definition
| The vitamin c-deficiency disease characterized by bleeding gums, tooth loss, and, in severe cases, death. |
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Definition
| A disease that occurs in children as a result of vitamin D deficiency; characterized by abnormal growth of bone, which in turn leads to bowed legs and an outward-bowed chest. |
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Term
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Definition
Niacin deficiency characterized by diarrhea, inflammation of the skin, and, in severe cases, mental disorders and death.
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Term
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Definition
| A potent, indispensable compound that performs various bodily functions that promote growth and reproduction and maintain health. Vitamins are essential nutrients required in minute amounts organic, meaning that they contain or are related to carbon compounds. Contrary to popular belief, vitamins do not supply calories. |
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Term
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Definition
Enzyme helpers; small molecules that interact with enzymes and enable them to do their work. Many coenzymes are made from water-soluble vitamins.
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Term
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Definition
A substance, such as a vitamin, that is "anti-oxygen"; that is, it helps prevent damage done to the body as a result of chemical reactions involving oxygen.
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Term
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Definition
| Highly toxic compounds created by the body as a result of chemical reactions that involve oxygen. Environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke and ozone also prompt the formation of free radicals. |
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Term
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Definition
An orange pigment found in plants that is converted into vitamin A inside the body. Beta-carotene is also an antioxidant.
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Term
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Definition
The characteristic protein if connective tissue (kolla = glue; gennan = to produce).
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Term
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Definition
| A nonessential nutrient used by the body to synthesize various compounds, including the phospholipid lecithin; The body can make choline from the amino acid methionine. |
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Term
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Definition
Physiologically active compounds found in plants that are not essential nutrients but appear to help promote health and reduce risk for cancer, heart disease, and other conditions. Also called phytonutrients (phyto = plant).
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Term
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Definition
| The disease resulting from vitamin D deficiency in adults and characterized by softening of the bones. (Its counterpart in children is called rickets.) Symptoms include bowed legs and a curved spine. |
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Term
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Definition
All the reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food.
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Term
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Definition
| The thiamin deficiency disease, characterized by irregular heartbeat, paralysis, and extreme wasting of muscle tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
Also known as adult bone loss; a disease in which the bones become porous and fragile (osteo = bones; poros = porous).
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Term
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Definition
The normal bacterial inhabitants of the digestive tract (flora = plant inhabitants).
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Term
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Definition
A compound in the stomach that is necessary for the body's absorption of vitamin B12.
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Term
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Definition
| An age-related condition characterized by the stomach's inability to produce enough acid, which in turn leads to vitamin B12 deficiencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The oxygen-carrying protein of the blood; found in the red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that appears to be toxic to the blood vessels of the heart. High blood levels of homocysteine have been associated with low blood levels of vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any condition in which the blood is unable to deliver oxygen to the cells of the body. Examples include a shortage of abnormality of the red blood cells. Many nutrient deficiencies and diseases can cause anemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Malformation of the brain and/or spinal cord during embryonic development. |
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Term
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Definition
The green pigment of plants that traps energy from sunlight and used this energy in photosynthesis (the synthesis of carbohydrate by green plants).
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Term
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Definition
Vitamin A in its active form.
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Term
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Definition
| One of the active forms of vitamin A. |
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Term
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Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) |
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Definition
| - A measure of the amount of retinol the body will derive from a food containing performed vitamin A or beta-carotene and other vitamin A in terms of International Units (IU). (See Appendix A for methods of converting from one measure to another.) |
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Term
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Definition
The paper-thin layer of light-sensitive cells lining the back of the inside of the eye.
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Term
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Definition
| One of the active forms of vitamin a that functions in the pigments of the eye. Other active forms of vitamin A include retinol and retinoic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
Slow recovery of vision following flashes of bright light at night, an early symptom of vitamin A deficiency.
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Term
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Definition
| The cells that form the outer surface of the body and line the body cavities and the principal passageways leading to the exterior. Examples include the cornea, digestive tract lining, respiratory tract lining, and skin. The epithelial cells produce mucus to protect these tissues from bacteria and other potentially harmful tissues substances. Without this mucus, infections become more likely. |
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Term
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Definition
A group of pigments (yellow, orange, and red) found in foods. (See the discussion on Phytochemicals later in the chapter for more about this family of compounds.)
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Term
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Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
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Definition
Oxidative damage to the central portion of the eye (the macula) that allows you to focus and see details clearly (peripheral vision remains unimpaired). The carotenoid lutein and zeaxanthin (found in broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, spinach, corn, lettuce, and peas) may protect normal macular function.
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that can be converted into another compound. For example, beta-carotene is a precursor of vitamin A (pre = before; cursor = runner, forerunner). |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule capable of absorbing certain wavelengths of light. Pigments in the eye permits us to perceive different colors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally occurring, inorganic, chemical elements; serve as structural components of the body and are used in many vital body processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Being or composed of matter other than plant or animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| An essential mineral nutrient found in the human body in amounts greater than 5 grams. |
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Term
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Definition
| An essential mineral nutrient found in the human body in amounts less than 5 grams. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lacy inner network of calcium-containing crystals; spongelike in appearance; it supports the bone’s structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dense outer ivory-like layer of bone that provides an exterior shell over trabecular bone. |
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Term
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Definition
A mineral element that, like a coenzyme, works with an enzyme to facilitate a chemical reaction.
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as adult bone loss; a disease in which the bines become porous and fragile (osteo = bones; poros = porous). |
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Term
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Definition
| In foods, chemical compounds that can combine with nutrients (especially minerals) to from complexes the body cannot absorb. For example, phytates in whole grains and oxalates (in vegetables) may bind iron and calcium and interfere with their absorption to a minor extent. |
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Term
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Definition
Discoloration of the teeth from ingestion of too much fluoride during tooth development.
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Term
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Definition
| The oxygen-carrying protein of the blood; found in the red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
A reduction of the number and size of red blood cells and a loss of their color because of iron deficiency.
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Term
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Definition
| Any condition in which the blood is unable to deliver oxygen to the cells of the body. Examples include a shortage or abnormality of the red blood cells. Many nutrient deficiencies and diseases can cause anemia. |
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Term
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Definition
The iron-holding part of the hemoglobin protein, found in meat, fish, and poultry. About 40 percent of the iron in meat, fish, and poultry is bound into heme. Meat, fish, and poultry also contain a factor (MFP factor) other than heme that promotes the absorption of iron, even of the iron from other foods eaten at the same time as the meat.
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Term
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Definition
| The iron found in plant foods |
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Term
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Definition
Iron found in foods as the result of contamination by inorganic iron salts from iron cookware, iron-containing soils, and the like.
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which the body contains more iron than it needs or can handle; excess iron is toxic and can damage the liver. The most common cause of iron overload is the genetic disorder hemochromatosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe mental and physical retardation of an infant caused by iodine deficiency during pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
Electrically charged particles, such as sodium (positively charged) and chloride (negatively charged).
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds that partially dissociate in water to form ions; examples are sodium, potassium, and chloride |
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Term
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Definition
| An acute and dangerous reaction to heat buildup in the body, requiring emergency medical attention; also called sun stroke. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of charged mineral particles, such as sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-), that associate together. In water, they dissociate and help carry electric current; that is, they become electrolytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sustained high blood pressure (hyper = too much; tension = pressure). |
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Term
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Definition
| Medications and other substances causing increased water excretion (dia = through; ouron = urine). |
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Term
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Definition
| Water that has a high mineral (calcium and magnesium) content. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water containing a high sodium concentration and little or no calcium or magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
A type of compound, called a methylxanthine, found in coffee beans, cola nuts, cocoa beans, and tea leaves. A central nervous system stimulant, caffeine’s effects include increasing heart rate, boosting urine production, and raising the metabolic rate.
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Term
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Caffeine Dependence Syndrome
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Definition
| Dependence on caffeine characterized by at least three of the four following criteria: Withdrawal symptoms such as headache and fatigue; caffeine consumption despite knowledge that it may be causing harm; repeated, unsuccessful attempts to cut back on caffeine; and tolerance to caffeine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clear, colorless, volatile liquid; the most commonly ingested form is ethyl alcohol or ethanol (EtOH). |
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Term
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Definition
| A liver enzyme that mediates the metabolism of alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance into which drinking alcohol (ethanol) is metabolized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease in effectiveness of a drug after a period of prolonged or heavy use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased efficiency of removing high levels of alcohol from the blood due to long-term exposure; may lead to more drinking and possible addiction. |
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Term
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Definition
Actual change in sensitivity to a drug; often results in hallucinations and convulsions when alcohol is withheld.
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Term
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Definition
Continued use of alcohol despite negative psychological, social, family, employment, or school problems caused by the alcohol use.
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Term
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Definition
| A condition marked by compulsive, uncontrollable drinking that has negative effects on the affected person’s physical health, family relationships, and social health. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that can modify one or more of the body’s functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation and injury to the liver due to excess alcohol consumption. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chronic, degenerative disease of the liver in which the liver cells become infiltrated with fibrous tissues; blood flow through the liver is obstructed, causing back pressure and eventually leading to coma and death unless the cause of the disease if removed; the most common cause of cirrhosis is chronic alcohol abuse. |
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