Term
| Give 7 groups of people who have increased requirements of vitamins and minerals |
|
Definition
-pregnant and lactating
-children/growing
-severe trauma
-HIV
-malabsorption syndromes
-substance abuse
-certain meds |
|
|
Term
| what are the fat soluble vitamins? where are they stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most active and best absorbed form of vitamin A? what is the other form? |
|
Definition
-retional (from animals)
-beta carotene (from plants) |
|
|
Term
| What are two pathologies attributed to vitamin a deficiency |
|
Definition
-night blindness (progressive)
-xeropthalmia |
|
|
Term
| What levels does vitamin d regulate in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are four pathologies associated with vitamin D deficiency |
|
Definition
-rickets
-tetany (association of vit d with Ca and phos)
-osteomalacia and osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the most power antioxidant of the fat soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of toxicity is seen in over consumption of vit E? |
|
Definition
| never has really been identified- but at high amount can effect your ability to clot |
|
|
Term
| what are two functions of vitamin K? |
|
Definition
blood clotting factors
bone development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-rarely seen in adults- may be seen in pts with fat malabsorption of pts on chronic abx
-every baby gets a shot of it when they are born |
|
|
Term
| people on what drug are on a low vitamin K diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| since water soluble vitamins are not stored in the fat, how often must they be supplied? |
|
Definition
| daily or consistently to avoid deficiency symptoms |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of thiamine (b1)? |
|
Definition
| plays a key role in the production of energy from CHO and PRO |
|
|
Term
| what is the name for primary thiamine deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is thiamine deficiency typically seen? |
|
Definition
| alcoholics and people with folate deficiency |
|
|
Term
| what 4 systems are affected by thiamine deficiency? |
|
Definition
GI
nervous system
CV
muscular |
|
|
Term
| when you hear wernicke's encephalopathy what two deficiencies should come to mind? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| riboflavin (B2) is stable to _______ but easily destroyed by ______. it is absorbed in the _________/________ with _________ |
|
Definition
heat
light
small intestine
phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of riboflavin (b2)? |
|
Definition
| it is a precursor to the flavoprotein enzymes that participate in oxidation/reduction rxns (huge role in normal growth and development) |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 signs of riboflavin deficiency (one specifically in newborns) |
|
Definition
-cheilosis
-glossitis
-seborrheic dermatitis
-hyperbilirubinemia |
|
|
Term
| what is the precursor to niacin (B3)? this reaction will not happen if you are deficient in________ |
|
Definition
tryptophan
riboflavin (b2) |
|
|
Term
| name 4 functions of niacin (b3) |
|
Definition
-coenzyme in tissue and cellular oxidation reactions
-NAD (catabolic)& NADP (anabolic)
-converts protein and glycerol to glucose to yield energy
-high doses lower cho |
|
|
Term
| what is the dz seen with niacin deficiency? how do you remember the sx? |
|
Definition
-pellagra
-the 4 d's: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death |
|
|
Term
| name 5 food sources of niacin |
|
Definition
meat
peanuts
beans
peas
enriched grains |
|
|
Term
| what is the coenzyme of pyridoxine (b6), name some functions |
|
Definition
-pyridoxal phosphate
-decarboxylation, deamination, transamination, hgb synthesis, AA transport, conversion of tryptophan to niacin, CHO and fat metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what are some things that pyridoxine (b6) deficiency causes? |
|
Definition
anemia
cns disturbances
tb (tx interferes with absorption) |
|
|
Term
| what are two sx of pyridoxine (b6) toxicity? |
|
Definition
lack of muscular coordination
severe nerve damage |
|
|
Term
| there is no defiency state for pantothenic acid (b complex) except in long term __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is pantothenic acid the precursor of? functions? |
|
Definition
-coenzyme A
-activates fatty acids, amino acids, acetyl groups, and succinc acid and glycine |
|
|
Term
| where is biotin (b complex) absorbed? when will you see deficiencies? what are its functions? what is interesting about how one can meet the rDA? |
|
Definition
-ileum
-tpn or total colectomy
-works with acetyl coA and synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids
-RDA can be met from intestinal bacteria synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of folate (2)? |
|
Definition
-coenzyme for carbon transfer
-heme portion of hgb |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 effects of folate deficiency? |
|
Definition
-megaloblastic anemia
-sprue
-chemo (many drugs are ant agnostic to it)
-increased risk of neural tube defects |
|
|
Term
| which water soluble vitamin has the greatest antioxidant properties? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is ascorbic acid needed for? |
|
Definition
collagen formation
frees iron from storage |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 sx of vit c deficiency? when is it depleted? |
|
Definition
scurvy
delayed wound healing
-depleted during stress (decrease immune response) |
|
|
Term
| where is cobalamine absorbed? who might it be deficient in? |
|
Definition
-ileum and bound to IF
-pts missing a stomach |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical effects of deficiency of cobalamine? |
|
Definition
pernicious anemia (without IF it can't be absorbed properly)
-sprue
-elderly |
|
|
Term
| what is the predominant mineral in the body? where is most of it stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what mineral is always in a 1:1 ratio with Ca? what are 5 functions? |
|
Definition
phosphorous
-bone and tooth formation, absorption of glucose, transport of amino acids and fatty acids, energy metabolism, buffer system |
|
|
Term
| when are needs of phosphorous especially high? |
|
Definition
| during growth and recovery |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 signs of hypophosphatemia? |
|
Definition
intestinal dz
bone dz
hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
| what is a cause of hyperphosphatemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what mineral is found in all body cells? function? |
|
Definition
magnesium
-cho and pro metabolism, cell reproduction and growth, smooth muscle action |
|
|
Term
| What are the two of the major ECF cations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sodium is (easily/ difficult) to absorb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sodium is lost with what to instances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two clinical problems associated with sodium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are five functions of potassium? |
|
Definition
-fluid/electrolyte balance
-acid-base balance
-muscle activity
-CHO metabolism
-protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is a major anion of the ECF and a major component of gastric secretions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 3 metabolic functions of chloride? |
|
Definition
fluid-electrolyte balance
acid-base balance
gastric acidity |
|
|
Term
| What are major sources of sulfur? what are its metabolic functions? |
|
Definition
-amino acids (methionine and cysteine)
-protein structure, enzyme activity, energy metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what is a clinical problem related to excess sulfur? |
|
Definition
| cysinuria (treated with low methionine diet) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common nutrient deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is circulating iron bound to? what is its storage form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of iodine? |
|
Definition
| synthesis of thyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| when you see a wound you should think of what two things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two genetic diseases that go along with copper? |
|
Definition
wilsons dz
menkes syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what trace element helps maintain glucose homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cobalt is a part of vitamin _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the absorption of selenium is dependent on _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| molybdenum functions as a __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flouride: trace found in _________ and _________ |
|
Definition
|
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