Term
|
Definition
energy content one food item
1 pound fat = 3500 kcal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food that provide substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals and relatively few calories |
|
|
Term
| 7 barriers to adequate nutrient intake |
|
Definition
| economic, cultural, physical, religious, ecologic, political, emotional |
|
|
Term
| what can the arm span measurement measure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does elbow breadth measure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what order are ingredients listed on food label |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 7 approved health claims on food labels |
|
Definition
| high in fiber may reduce risk cancer/heart disease; high in Ca may prevent osteoporosis; folate decrease neural tube defects; soy reduce cardiovascular dis; low-fat reduce risk cancer+heart dis; low-sodium prevent HBP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbohydrate=4kcal/g
Protein=4kcal/g
Fat=9kcal/g
Alcohol not considered macronutrient=7kcal/g
organic all contain carbon
all contain C H and O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made up of glucose molecules C6H12O6
chief energy source for body cells (sugar and/or starch) |
|
|
Term
| what are two sources of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
plants (from photosynthesis)
milk |
|
|
Term
| three basic forms of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
sugar: monosaccharides and disaccharides
starch: polysaccharides
fiber: indigestible polysaccharide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(single sugars)
glucose=blood sugar
fructose=fruit/honey sugar
galactose=milk sugar byproduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(two sugars)
sucrose=table sugar
lactose=milk sugar
maltose=malt sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major form of sugar in the blood
end product of most carbohydrate digestion
only fuel central nervous system can use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in fruits and honey
used in soft drinks/other processed foods
-high fructose corn syrup=cornstarch modified so that glucose is converted to fructose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breakdown product of milk sugar
may be found in yogurt and cheese
least sweet of all monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
white table sugar
composed of glucose and fructose
added to candy/soda/fruit drinks/cakes/etc
not to exceed 25% of daily caloric intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs naturally in milk
composed of glucose and galactose
less sweet digested very slowly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed during starch digestion
found in malt and malt products (beer)
composed of 2 glucose molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polysaccharides
at least 3 sugar links-multiple sugars
digests rapidly=w/in one hour |
|
|
Term
| what foods can carbohydrates(starch) be found in |
|
Definition
grains, corn, pasta, beans and potatoes
low in fat; high in carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dietary fiber
most complex carbohydrate
impossible to digest
DOES NOT add fuel or energy to diet
DOES add bulk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin and seeds of plant foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulp or gummy sections of plant foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
effect of food on blood glucose levels
carbohydrates have the primary impact on glucose levels
glycemic carbs raise blood glucose (starches and sugars)
non-glycemic carbs do not raise
nutrisystem |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions are carbohydrates |
|
Definition
human body prefers for fuel
spare use of protein as fuel
allow for more efficient use of fat for store energy
sugar=laxative effect; starch=economical and abundant source of fuel once digested into glucose; lactose=aid in absorption of calcium; fiber=promote normal intestinal function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid breakdown of body fat leading to acidic blood (need at least 100g/d of carbs to prevent) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
building blocks for growth and repair
made from combination of amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
red and white meat and fish
eggs/milk and cheese
beans and nuts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| essential amino acid (EAA) |
|
Definition
| cannot be synthesized by body; must be obtained from diet |
|
|
Term
| what are the eight essential amino acids (nine for children) |
|
Definition
lysine, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, leucine, phenylalanine, valine
(histidine required for children) |
|
|
Term
| non-essential amino acids |
|
Definition
| can be synthesized by the body |
|
|
Term
| what are the 12 non-essential amino acids |
|
Definition
| alanine, cysteine, glycine, arginine, cystine, proline, asparagine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, glutamine, tyrosine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branched-chain essential amino acid
promotes use of glucose by muscles
Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)
-genetic defect
-cannot metabolize isoleucine
-brain damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branched-chain amino acid
may help reduce body fat and increase metabolic rate
needs to be limited in individuals with MSUD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branched-chain essential amino acid
may help individuals with liver cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 branched-chain amino acids |
|
Definition
| isoleucine, leucine and valine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EAA
primary source is animal protein
metabolized into taurine and homocysteine
contains sulfur
excess intake linked w/ bone loss, some chronic diseases
(cardiac, Alzheimers, diabetes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EAA
found in aspartame (NutraSweet)
US infants are tested for phenylketonuria (PKU) at birth
-inability to metabolize phenylalanine to tyrosine
-causes mental deformations
*caution on food labels aimed at individuals w/ PKU |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EAA
found in high amounts in turkey and milk
precursor to the hormone serotonin
-promotes a 'good feeling' and helps induce sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EAA
limited quantities in plant-based foods
vegans need to emphasize the EAA lysine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grain, soy milk, nuts, legumes, vegetables, fruit |
|
|
Term
| limiting EAA of a vegan diet |
|
Definition
| lysine, methionine, tryptophan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consuming enough protein to equal the amount of nitrogen lost in the urine and other secretions |
|
|
Term
| recommendations for daily protein intake |
|
Definition
required amount is base on achieving nitrogen balance
adult: 0.8g protein/kg body weight (pounds=kg x 2.2) |
|
|
Term
protein digestibility corrected amino acid scoring pattern
(PDCAAS) |
|
Definition
| scoring method to describe protein content of a food or commercial nutritional supplement with the goal of inclusion of all EAAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
'sugar baby'
attributed to high-sugar, low-protein diet
infant has stunted growth, edema of hands and feet, fatty liver, moon face and dyspigmentation of skin and hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein-energy malnutrition
proteins used as energy source leaving little for growth and repair of tissues and maintain immune function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
great source of heat and source of energy for all cell
-except cells of nervous system and rbcs
spare protein for energy, add flavor to foods, provides satiety, promotes absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and protects body organs |
|
|
Term
| 2 essential fatty acids for humans |
|
Definition
omega-6 fatty acid: linoleic acid
omega-3 fatty acid: apha linolenic acid |
|
|
Term
| what type of fat is solid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of fat is liquid |
|
Definition
| unsaturated fat (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat molecule with no double bonds
example palmitic acid 16 carbons no double bonds C16:0
more hydrogen in fat more saturated it is
becomes so hard that you have to cut it |
|
|
Term
| examples of saturated fat in food |
|
Definition
animal fats: butter and red meat
tropical fat: palm and coconut oil
brazil nuts are high in saturated fats |
|
|
Term
| what is a monounsaturated fat |
|
Definition
fat molecule with ONE double bond
ex. oleic acid-18 carbons, one double bond
C18:1
liquid at room temp/solid at cold temp |
|
|
Term
| examples of monounsaturated fats in food |
|
Definition
| avocados, olive oil, canola oil, macadamia nuts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat molecule with TWO OR MORE double bonds
ex. gamma linolenic acid-18 carbons and 3 double bonds
C18:3
stays liquid form at cold temps |
|
|
Term
| examples of polyunsaturated fats in food |
|
Definition
| soybean oil, corn oil, fatty fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintain cellular membrane function, fluidity and enzymatic activity
affect cholesterol metabolism
precursor for eicosanoids: protoglandin
-stimulates muscle and uterine contractions
-inflammation control
must be supplied in diet |
|
|
Term
| what foods can omega-3 fatty acids be found in |
|
Definition
cold-water fish
-essential for brain development
plant forms include flax, walnuts and canola oil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unsaturated fatty acid (liquid oil) with added hydrogen molecules
makes the liquid more solid (spread or margarine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unsaturated fatty acid with hydrogen molecules added on both sides of the double bond
texture is harder and linked to heart disease, metabolic syndrome and cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat with a glycerin (or glycerol) base and 3 fatty acids
main type of fat circulating in the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small water-soluble carbohydrate
allows fats to transport through the bloodstream
contributes insignificant amounts of carbohydrates to the diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
compound belongs to a group called sterols
fat-like substance not a kilocalorie source
found only in animal fat b/c produced in liver of animals
necessary for normal body functioning
saturated fats can encourage excess production of cholesterol by liver
unsaturated fats suppress the livers production of cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
component of bile salts that aid in digestion
essential component of all cell membranes
found in brain and nerve tissue and in blood
necessary for production of estrogen and testosterone
increases bodies production of vit D thru sun exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
estimated average requirement
the intake at which the risk of inadequacy to an individual is 50%; amount of nutrient is estimated to meet half of the person's needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recommended dietary allowance
the intake at which the risk of inadequacy is very small (2-3%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
upper intake level
at intakes between RDA and UL risks inadequacy and excess are both close to 0
at intakes above the UL the risk of adverse effects increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adequate intake
is set based upon observations of nutrient intake and when an RDA can not be calculated; intake level is assumed to be adequate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inadequate intake of a vitamin from food sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal biochemical blood and urine tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appearance of clinical signs of deficiency disease |
|
|
Term
| what are fat soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vitamins are stored in body fat
can reach toxic levels; dietary intake should not exceed UL
more stable & less prone to destruction by air/heat/light
absorption is enhanced by dietary fat
malabsorption of fat or low dietary intake of can cause deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic defect that causes the body to produce abnormally thick mucus that builds up in the lungs, digestive tract and other areas of the body
water soluble forms of vit D and K can be supplemented |
|
|
Term
| what can cause fat malabsorption |
|
Definition
cystic fibrosis
impaired pancreatic function
surgical removal of ileum
medications orlistat (Alli) or fat substitutes (Olestra) that inhibit the absorption of fat. |
|
|
Term
| name the water soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are water soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
vitamins that dissolve in water and are not stored in body
need to be included in daily diet |
|
|
Term
| what may cause deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
medications such as proton pump inhibitors and anti-epileptic medications
excess urination due to diuretic treatment or excess fluid intake |
|
|
Term
| what are two forms of vitamin A |
|
Definition
carotene
retinol/retinol palmitate |
|
|
Term
| what is carotene and what foods is it found in |
|
Definition
precursor which the liver uses to make vit a
dark green leafy vegetable/deep-orange vegetables and fruit
types of carotene: lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin(phytochemical)
egg yolks: highly bioavailable source of lutein & zeaxanthin |
|
|
Term
| what is retinol and what can it be found in |
|
Definition
preformed version of vitamin A
most toxic form/can be stored in body up to 2 yrs
fortified in food and found in supplements
whole milk, butter and egg yolks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
retina health and night vision
promoting good immunity
maintaining skin health (epithelial tissue)
promoting bone growth
reproduction
preventing iron deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can cause birth defects (acne medication)
hypervitaminosis A
-causes bones to lose calcium
-calcium loss can lead to hypercalcemia
is linked with cheilosis
can cause liver disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vitamin A toxicity
painful inflammation and cracking of corners of mouth
depapillation of the tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broccoli, butternut squash, spinach, cantaloupe, beet greens, chicken livers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sun allows conversion in skin of cholesterol into vit D
dietary intake either from fortified foods or naturally found in fish
supplements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allows calcium absorption
needed for strong and healthy immune system
may help winter blues/SAD
helps regulate BP and acts as a tumor suppressant to prevent cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bone loss
soft bones
secondary hyperparathyroidism
rickets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vitamin D deficiency
bowing of legs caused by body weight & soft bones of growing children
cod liver oil replaced by vit D milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antioxidant: helps prevent cellular damage caused by oxidation
helps regulate cell signaling and gene expression
anticoagulants (Coumadin) can be affected by megadoses of vit E |
|
|
Term
| vitamin E toxicity and deficiency |
|
Definition
impaired immunity
excessive blood thinning
deficiency associated with neurologic disorders & ataxia (loss of muscle coordination)
may be associated with inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peanut butter, olive oil, safflower oil, sunflower seeds, almonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first recognized as antihemorrhagic factor:clotting
essential for the formation of prothrombin (clotting factor)
involved in vascular function and bone metabolism
synthesized by bacteria of small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
defective blood clotting
-usually related to Coumadin
-anyone rcving antibiotic for long period and can't absorb fat
low dietary intake of K
intercranial hemorrhage(ICH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| green leafy vegetables, green tea, cauliflower, butter, soybean oil and beans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
easily destroyed with cooking
function as cofactors for cellular metabolism
needed for energy production in mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| needed for carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, DNA and brain chemicals |
|
|
Term
| Thiamine/vit B1 deficiency |
|
Definition
neuropathy-nerve damage
beriberi-muscle wasting disease
wernickes encephalopathy-neurologic disorder |
|
|
Term
| food sources of thiamine/B1 |
|
Definition
| fortified breads and cereals, fish, lean meats and milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in many cellular reactions that allow for energy use
important for healthy eyes, lips and tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dermatitis, cheilosis, anemia, postpartum depression |
|
|
Term
| riboflavin/B2 food sources |
|
Definition
enriched white flour products, fish, avocados, mushrooms
must have adequate milk consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
needs can be met in part by its conversion from tryptophan
energy metabolism
nicotimamide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poor dietary intake
alcohol abuse
malabsorption
medications used for tuberculosis
phenobarbital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
syndrome caused by inadequate dietary niacin intake and/or tryptophan
characterized by 4 D's
diarrhea
dermatitis
dementia
death |
|
|
Term
| food sources of niacin/B3 |
|
Definition
| dairy, poultry, fish, lean meat, nuts and eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in fatty acid metabolism and synthesis of certain body constituents
may help prevent cancer |
|
|
Term
| pantothenic/B5 deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
burning foot syndrome, headache, fatigue, poor muscle coordination, nausea and cramps
-causes reduction of an enzyme needed for neurologic health
-may cause weight loss and loss of sperm in semen |
|
|
Term
| food sources of B5/pantothenic acid |
|
Definition
animal and animal products
whole-grain products
beans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 forms collectively known as B6
involved in 100 enzyme reactions
needed for production of neurotransmitters
antioxidant
promotes conversion of tryptophan to niacin
allows cysteine to be synthesized from methionine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
condition of impaired voluntary movement from long-term use of antipsychotic medication
B6 may offset |
|
|
Term
| pyridoxine deficiency/excessive intake |
|
Definition
deficiency may cause depression from decreased production of serotonin from tryptophan
excess intake may cause irreversible nerve damage |
|
|
Term
| food sources of pyridoxine/B6 |
|
Definition
| beef liver, turkey, chick peas, baked potato, sweet potato, broccoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sulfur containing vitamin
essential for enzymatic reactions in metabolism
essential for growth and development
healthy hair, skin, nails
bacteria in intestinal tract produce Biotin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can be caused by excess intake raw egg white
can be aggravated by pantothenic acid deficiency
symptoms
loss of appetite/nausea and vomiting/hair loss/dermatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meats, milk, soybean and soybean flour, brewers yeast, egg yolk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA synthesis
promotes chromosomal health
formation of rbcs
helps prevent spina bifida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes megaloblastic anemia
deficiency can occur with use of antiepileptic Rx
allergies
clinical depression |
|
|
Term
| excessive folate/B9 intake |
|
Definition
mask B12 deficiency
reduced zinc absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soy nuts, chicken liver, avocado and broccoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains the mineral cobalt
important in DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
irreversible nerve damage
megaloblastic anemia
pernicious anemia
enlarged spleen
cognitive impairment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in red blood cells that occurs when your intestines cannot properly absorb B12 |
|
|
Term
| B12 status should be monitored in |
|
Definition
vegetarians/vegans/PKUers-anyone on low protein diet
surgery of ileum/gastric bypass
elder population
persons using proton pump inhibitors for reflux
those w/ signs/symptoms of altered mental state
those at risk of malnutrition (alcoholics) |
|
|
Term
| food sources for cobalamin/B12 |
|
Definition
| beef liver, beef, haddock, eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
needed for nerve function, lipid metabolism & cell membrane function
deficiency symptoms=fatty liver/liver failure/mitochondrial dysfunction
food sources=meat/eggs/wheat germ/soybeans/peanut butter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ascorbic acid
water-soluble derivative of glucose
aids in formation and maintenance of tooth dentin/bones/cartilage/connective tissue/blood vessels
promotes skin integrity and wound healing
-recovery from surgery-prevention of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
scurvy
mild=bleeding gums/loose teeth/easy bruising
severe=internal bleeding/death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in fruits and vegetables only
leafy greens, citrus, melons, potato, green pepper, berries, tomatoes |
|
|
Term
| list four fat-soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thiamine(B1), riboflavin(B2), niacin(B3), pantothenic acid(B5), pyridoxine(B6), biotin(B8), folate(B9), cobalamin(B12) |
|
|
Term
| list two functions of vitamin A |
|
Definition
retina health and night vision
promoting good immunity |
|
|
Term
| list two functions of vitamin D |
|
Definition
allows calcium absorption
needed for strong and healthy immune system |
|
|
Term
| two functions of vitamin E |
|
Definition
help prevent cellular damage by oxidation
helps regulate cell signaling and gene expression |
|
|
Term
| two functions of vitamin K |
|
Definition
| involved in vascular support and bone metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what is main role of all B vitamins |
|
Definition
| function as cofactors for cellular metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for vitamin C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which two food groups are the only sources for vitamin C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can you name two signs of vitamin C deficiency |
|
Definition
| bleeding gums, loose teeth |
|
|
Term
| can you name 5 examples of carotene-rich foods |
|
Definition
| spinach, broccoli, carrots, kale, beet greens |
|
|
Term
| what is a food source of preformed vitamin A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can you name at least one food example for each of the other 3 fat-soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
vitamin D - salmon
vitamin E - spinach
vitamin K - cauliflower |
|
|
Term
| what are main food sources of vitamin B |
|
Definition
| milk, eggs, peanuts, meats |
|
|
Term
| what are the main food sources of vitamin B2 |
|
Definition
| fish, avocados, mushrooms |
|
|
Term
| what are the main food sources of vitamin B12 |
|
Definition
| beef liver, beef, haddock, eggs |
|
|
Term
| what are the main food sources of folate |
|
Definition
| chicken liver, avocado, broccoli, soy nuts |
|
|
Term
| can you list at least 3 rich food sources for vitamin C |
|
Definition
| leafy greens, citrus, melons, green peppers, berries |
|
|
Term
| what are general functions of minerals |
|
Definition
| building materials, regulators, all minerals are indestructible (microscopic rocks), can be leeched out of foods from excess water in cooking/steaming is advised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
minerals found in large amounts
calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minerals in the body in amounts < 5g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
99% is found in bones and teeth
allows for muscle contraction
vit D required for proper absorption & use dietary Calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poor bone growth and tooth density
stunted body growth
rickets
poor clotting |
|
|
Term
| osteoporosis risk factors |
|
Definition
| thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density/low calcium or vit D intake/low body weight/rheumatoid arthritis/steroid use/smokers/alcoholics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by low levels of calcium
condition of muscle twitches, cramps and convulsions |
|
|
Term
| causes of low calcium level |
|
Definition
| celiac disease, hypoparathyroidism, certain kidney diseases, low serum protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition that damages the lining of the small intestine and prevents it from absorbing parts of food that are important for staying healthy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endocrine disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| causes of high calcium levels |
|
Definition
| hyperparathyroidism/poor vitamin D status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| milk, soybeans, bones(i.e. salmon/anchovies), some leafy green collards, seaweed, hard water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
critical for DNA and protein synthesis and muscular contractions and relaxation
involved in strong bone formation;bone stability
involved in energy metabolism, production of fatty acids and all hormone reactions
transports calcium and potassium in and out of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can be lost w/ diuretics & excess urination
low potassium and low calcium contribue to poor absorption |
|
|
Term
| high levels of magnesium cause |
|
Definition
renal failure
excess intake of laxatives & antacids that contain Mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chlorophyll containing foods-green leafy veggies
legumes, fish, whole grains, nuts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps enzymes act in energy metabolism
primarily found in bones
found in meat, milk, beans, added to carbonated beverages
deficiency is rare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
electrolyte
promotes regular heartbeat
critical for enzyme reactions and protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that conducts electric flow through the body |
|
|
Term
| food sources of potassium |
|
Definition
| avocado, prune juice, tomato juice, black beans, chick peas, kidney beans, potatoes, lentils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serves as an essential electrolyte
major source=table salt(NaCl) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serves as an electrolyte
found in gastric juice as part of hydrochloride acid
deficiency found only in conjunction w/ sodium depletion
excess levels due to dehydration |
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Term
|
Definition
two forms-3+ and 6+
important for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
food sources=meats, whole grains, legumes, dairy products |
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Term
|
Definition
aids in the absorption of iron
production and survival of red blood cells
involved in maintenance of cardiovascular system & immune system |
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Term
|
Definition
genetically inherited form of copper toxicity
neuropsychiatric systems, liver disease, reduction in growth and impaired reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| blackstrap molasses, beef liver, oyster, cashews, white beans |
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Term
|
Definition
referred to as fluoride
formation of strong bones and teeth, reduces dental carries(tooth decay), aids calcium in bone formation |
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Term
|
Definition
found in thyroid hormones involved in metabolism
common sources=salt and saltwater fish |
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Term
|
Definition
tissue respiration/hemoglobin synthesis
food sources=red meat, chicken, turkey, eggs |
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Term
|
Definition
essential for normal bone structure, reproduction & central nervous system
food sources=macadamia nuts, pine nuts, hazelnuts, pecans, pecans, chickpeas, spinach, blackberries, pineapple |
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Term
|
Definition
important for normal cell functioning
food sources=meats, legumes, milk, whole grains |
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Term
|
Definition
antioxidant that helps prevent skin damage from sun exposure
food sources=beef liver, eggs, oatmeal |
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Term
|
Definition
antioxidant that plays a role in protein synthesis/promotes cell division and differentiation
essential for proper immune function
stored in bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| peas, green beans, beef, chicken, broccoli |
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Term
|
Definition
essential component of cobalamin(B12)
found on animal foods: meat, fish, eggs and milk |
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Term
|
Definition
found in amino acids; protein-rich foods are the primary source
component of skin, hair, nails & cartilage
found in breast milk
3rd most abundant mineral in body |
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Term
|
Definition
nutrients in food that are not vitamins or minerals but are essential to health
lutein and lycopene
avocados=lutein |
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Term
|
Definition
add nutrients that are generally not present
add nutrients in higher amounts than naturally occur
-add calcium to orange juice
-folic acid added to white flour products |
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Term
|
Definition
replace known nutrients lost in processing
enriched white flour products with B-vitamins and iron
replace what was removed from the removal of whole grain during the processing |
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Term
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Definition
supplement manufactures do not need FDA approval to market
no regulation |
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Term
|
Definition
united states pharmocopia
analyze supplement contents for labeling
USP on label if has been chemically analyzed |
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Term
| what are two types of food digestion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the primary site of food absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the stages of swallowing |
|
Definition
1st-oral-voluntary
2nd-pharyngeal-involuntary
3rd-esophageal-involuntary |
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Term
|
Definition
process in which food is changed from a complex form to a simpler form
process of digestion occurs simultaneously |
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|
Term
| what is mechanical digestion |
|
Definition
food broken into smaller particles (mouth)
mixed with digestive juices (stomach) |
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Term
|
Definition
| rhythmic movements that propel food through the digestive tract |
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|
Term
| what is chemical digestion |
|
Definition
digestive enzymes change food nutrients into smaller forms
carbohydrates to simple sugars
proteins to amino acids
fats to fatty acids and glycerol |
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|
Term
| what does not require digestion |
|
Definition
| water, simple sugars, salts, vitamins and minerals |
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|
Term
| what is the metabolic process |
|
Definition
nutrients are used at the cellular level for energy
the liver reassembles nutrients into molecules and structures
metabolic enzymes are necessary/vitamins and minerals are needed for function |
|
|
Term
| what are digestive enzymes for carbohydrates |
|
Definition
salivary amylase to starch
lactase to lactose
sucrase to sucrose
maltase to maltose |
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|
Term
| what is the digestive enzyme for protein |
|
Definition
proteases to gastric amylase to protein
pepsin trypsin to polypeptides |
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|
Term
| what are the digestive enzymes for fat |
|
Definition
lipases+pancreatic lipase to fat
bile promotes fat digestion |
|
|
Term
| how does bile aid in digestion |
|
Definition
bile is excreted from the liver into the gallbladder(bile storage)
after a meal containing fat, bile is released into the small intestine so that it can digest fat |
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Term
|
Definition
nutrients are used to produce energy ATP water and CO2
takes place in all cells of the body(mitochondrial cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
breaking down that results in release of energy
use of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids to make energy |
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Term
|
Definition
reactions that build up new substances
cells use nutrients to build and repair the body's tissue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of energy (kcal) required for basic processes of life |
|
|
Term
| how do you calculate basal metabolic rate |
|
Definition
| multiply weight in kilograms by 0.9 for women or 1.0 for men then multiply by 24 (hours in a day) |
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Term
|
Definition
found in cells/blood/secretion
needed for saliva/gastric secretions
help with swallowing
allows loss of waste and toxins
need to ingest 2L/day
absorbed in large intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
glucose/galactose/fructose-don't require digestion
ready for absorption in digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| disaccharide and starch digestion |
|
Definition
require digestion/begins in mouth (ptyalin:amylase enzyme)
then monosaccharides absorbed in small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
indigestible-passes thru intestinal tract unchanged
intestinal bacteria allow some fiber digestion with the bacteria giving off hydrogen and methane gases in the process referred to as flatus |
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Term
|
Definition
bacteria that help with digestion
found in yogurt and buttermilk |
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|
Term
|
Definition
inability to digest lactose
-encourage low-fat yogurt and cheese |
|
|
Term
| protein digestion and absorption |
|
Definition
begins in mouth with chewing-mechanical
chemical=begins in stomach and ends in small intestine
hydrochloric acid prepares protein for enzymatic breakdown
once proteins are digested, absorption into the bloodstream occurs in small intestine |
|
|
Term
| what are enzymes for protein digestion |
|
Definition
| protease, pepsin and trypsin |
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|
Term
| fat digestion and absorption |
|
Definition
insoluble in water; need special treatment by GI tract
glycerol + fatty acids
no digestion in mouth
bile used for fat digestion |
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Term
|
Definition
formation of pouches or small sacs protruding from the large intestine
caused by low fiber diets
increased fiber can prevent and manage
soluble fiber helps prevent worsening |
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Term
|
Definition
genetic autoimmune condition that leads to malabsorption
multiple nutrient deficiency can exist due to malabsorption from villi atrophy
conditions related to deficiencies of minerals/water soluble vitamins/protein due to damage to duodenum and jejunum areas. |
|
|
Term
| food intolerance versus allergy |
|
Definition
| allergy can cause death, intolerance not life-threatening |
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Term
|
Definition
| involved in metabolism and storage of macronutrients, micronutrients and minerals after digestion and absorption completed |
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Term
|
Definition
inflammation and injury to liver cells
-symptoms: anorexia/fatigue/nausea/vomit/fever/diarrhea/wght loss |
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|
Term
|
Definition
chronic liver disease
normal liver tissue is replaced by inactive fibrous tissue
jaundice: bile build-up/yellowing of skin
fatty liver
low albumin levels(blood protein)
symptoms-ascites:accumulation of fluid in abdomen
hepatic coma: altered consciousness related to toxin build-up |
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Term
|
Definition
| stores and releases bile for fat digestion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
excess calories
simple sugar
saturated fat |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| digestive enzymes for carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of the pancreas
digestion of pancreatic tissue by its own pancreatic digestive enzymes
low fat diet recommended |
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|
Term
|
Definition
excessive thick mucus that inhibits digestion
fats are poorly digested and absorbed
give pancreatic enzyme pills at mealtimes |
|
|
Term
| effects of excess alcohol on digestion, absorption and metabolism |
|
Definition
erosions of GI tract leading to impaired digestion and malabsorption
altered appetite w/ reduced food intake, leading to malnutrition
liver damage w/ impaired protein metabolism
pancreatic damage causing reduced insulin production and reduced ability to digest dietary fat |
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