Term
- Provide structural and mechanical support
- Maintain body tissues
- Functions as enzymes and hormones
-Help maintain acid base balance |
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Definition
| Functions of Protein in the body |
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Term
- Transport nutrients
- Assist the immune system
- Neurotransmitters
- Serve as a source of energy when necessary
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Definition
| Functions of Protein in the Body |
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Term
CHON
ex: Hemoglobin (C3032H4816O872N780S8Fe4) |
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Definition
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Term
| The element that distinguishes proteins from carbohydrates and lipids is |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins are composed of various arragnements of |
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Definition
| amino acids (approximately 20 different ones: 9 of which are essential) |
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Term
| List the different groups that compose amino acids: |
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Definition
amino group
acid group
hydrogen group
side group (makes each amino acid unique) |
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Term
What determines the shape and function of protein?
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Definition
| The sequence of amino acids |
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Term
| How many essential amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many nonessential amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the bonds that join amino acids called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is removed when 1 amino acid is joined to another amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two amino acids bonded together is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Three amino acids bonded together is called |
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Definition
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Term
| More than three amino acids bonded together is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sequence of amino acids is the |
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Definition
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Term
| weak electrical attractions cause polypeptide chain to twist into a helix, this is |
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Definition
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Term
| complex tangled shape that forms as long polypeptide chains twist and fold is called |
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Definition
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Term
| interactions between two or more polypeptides is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Heat, acid, and other conditions |
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Term
| Denaturation of proteins cause them to lose their |
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Definition
| shape and ability to function |
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Term
| In the body, what causes proteins to denature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins are crushed and moistened in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrochloric acid denatures proteins so that digestive enzymes (pepsin) can break apart poly peptides in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreatic and intestinal proteases hydrolyze protein into small peptides and then into amino acids that can be absorbed in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acids may be used for energy or for synthesis of necessary compounds one inside the |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acids that are not used by the intestinal cells are transported to the |
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Definition
| liver and distributed to cells |
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Term
| The continual making and breaking down of proteins is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The supply of amino acids that are available in the body, it consist of dietary protein within the cells and circulating in the blood is called the |
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Definition
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Term
| When lipid and carbohydrate reserves are limited, cells are forced to use _______ for energy |
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Definition
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Term
| What converts amino acids to glucose which can then be used to make energy? |
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Definition
Gluconeogenesis - this results in loss of lean body tissue
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Term
| Unique for each individual, DNA carries your important amino acid sequence, this is called |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first step in protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the RNA in transcription: |
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Definition
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes the copy of DNA outside the nucleus and brings it to the ribosome. |
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Term
| collects the specific amino acids that are needed to make protein and brings them to the ribosome |
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Definition
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Term
| What builds a chain of amino acids (the protein) in the proper sequence, based on the code in the mRNA, called elongation? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 2nd step of protein synthesis is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ribosome moves alon the mRNA, reading the code this is called |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best way to get all the essential amino acids? |
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Definition
| Eating foods of high-quality protein |
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Term
| Protein quality is measured by: |
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Definition
| amino acid content, digestibility, and ability to support growth |
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Term
| A diet inadequate in any of the essential amino acids |
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Definition
| limits or stops protein synthesis |
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Term
| What percentage of animal proteins are absorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of plant proteins are absorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of soy and legumes are absorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| arise from protein-deficient diets and energy-deficient diets |
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Definition
| protein deficiencies, which is a worldwide malnutrition problem, especially for young children |
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Term
| High-protein diets have been implicated in several |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- cells lining the GI tract are not suffciently replaced as the slough off
- disestive function is inhibited
- absorption of food is reduced
- intestinal bacteria get into the blood and cause septicemia
- immune system is compromised due to malnutrition and cannot fight infection
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Term
- Results from a severe dificiency in calories
- "Dying away" appearance
- Symptoms include severe weight loss, muscle weakening of heart/brain, deterioration of GI tract, problems of digestion and absorption, low body temperature/blood pressure, dehydration, and infections |
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Definition
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Term
- An illness a child develops when the next child is born
- More severe than Marasmus
- Results from a diet high in grains and extremely deficient in protein
- Symptoms include edema, loss of muscle tone/strength, increased infection, rapid heart rate, fatty liver, pneumonia, and water/electrolyte imbalances |
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Definition
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Term
| Eating too much protein can be associated with |
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Definition
| Heart Disease, Osteoporosis, weight gain, and kidney disease |
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Term
| A high intake of animal protein is associated with some cancers, especially |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What percentage does the DRI suggest for protein? |
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Definition
| 10-35% of a day's total energy intake (200-700 calories from protein, based on 2000 calorie diet) |
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Term
| Eats grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, dairy food |
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Definition
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Term
| eats grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy foods, eggs |
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Definition
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Term
| eats grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, eggs |
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Definition
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Term
eats grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts
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Definition
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Term
| eats vegetarian kiet that occasionally includes meat, fish, and poultry |
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Definition
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Term
| Benefits of a vegetarian diet include reduced risk of: |
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Definition
- heart disease
- high blood pressure
- diabetes
- cancer
- stroke
-obesity |
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Term
| Risks of vegetarian diet include: |
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Definition
| underconsumption of certain nutrients, such protein and vitamin B12 |
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Term
| Plants use the sun's energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. This is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do metabolic reactions take place? |
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Definition
| Inside of cells, especially liver cells which are the most metabolically active. |
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Term
| The degradation of large complex molecules into smaller, simpler molecules, which release is energy is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules, which required energy is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| captures and stores energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the first step of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
In the cell
Glycolysis - Glucose + ATP = Pyruvic Acid + more ATP |
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Term
| What is the second step of (aerobic) cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| Krebs Cycle - Acetyl CO-A combines with oxcloacetic acid to produce citric acid |
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Term
| After the Krebs Cycle what happens next in aerobic respirtation? |
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Definition
| Electron transport system (ETS) |
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Term
| In the Electron transport system (ETS) ATP is produced as |
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Definition
| electrons are passed to different molecules |
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Term
What is the ETS electron acceptor that combines with electrons that have been through the ETS?
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen removes low-energy electrons from the ETS allowing further electron transport to occure and becomes part of |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Glucose and fatty acides are primarily used for |
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Definition
Energy
(Amino Acids not so much) |
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Term
| What is made from all carbohydrates, most amino acids and the glycerol portion of lipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose can be made into ________ if nitrogen is present. |
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Definition
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Term
| The breakdown of glucose to energy starts with |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycolysis turns glucose into |
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Definition
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Term
| Pyruvate is then converted aerobically to __________ or anaerboically to ____________ |
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Definition
aerobically to acetyl CoA
anaerobically to lactic acid |
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Term
Eventually, all energy-yielding nutrients carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins enter the
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Definition
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Term
STUDY CARD
Breaking down of Glycerol and Fatty Acids
MAKE SURE TO STUDY THE PICTURE ON SLIDE BREAKING DOWN NUTRIENTS FOR ENERGY! |
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Definition
- The conversion of glycerol to pyruvate is easy because they are both three-carbon compounds.
- Fatty acids cannot be used to synthesize glucose.
- Glucose must be available to provide energy to the red blood cells, brain, and nervous system. |
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Term
STUDY CARD
Breaking down of amino acids |
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Definition
- amino acids can be converted to acetyl CoA after deamination.
-amino acids-to-glucose is a fairly good source of glucse when carbohydrate is not available |
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Term
| Deamination of amino acids results in two products |
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Definition
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Term
| Ammonia is converted to urea (a less toxic compound) in the |
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Definition
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Term
| What is excreted through the kidneys to rid the body of unused nitrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| In anaerobic cellular respiration what happens first? |
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Definition
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Term
In anaerobic cellular respiration, after glycolysis, what happens next in
Plants:
Animals: |
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Definition
Plants: Alcohol frermentation in yeast
Animals: Lactic acid formation in muscles |
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Term
| What does yeast produce in anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is always a by-product of respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is produced in some animal cells during anaerobic conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be reconverted (detoxified) into pyruvic acid, and then into glucose or glycogen in the liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lactic acid produces muscle fatigue because it is a |
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Definition
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Term
| How is oxygen "debt" paid |
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Definition
| by breathing fast and deeply |
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Term
| How long does it take before the body is fasting? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does it take before the body goes into starvation? |
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Definition
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Term
| All energy-yielding nutrients consumed in excess can contribute to |
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Definition
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Term
| When energy intake exceeds energy output there is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Excess energy leading to weight gain can come from |
|
Definition
| proteins, lipids, and/or carbohydrates |
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Term
| What are the most efficient at being stored as adipose fat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose is needed for the |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein can meet glucose needs, but will cause |
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Definition
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Term
| Ketosis causes a suppression of appetite and |
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Definition
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Term
- Muscle wasting and organ failure
- decreased heart rate, respiratory rate, metabolic rate, and body temperature
- impaired vision
- decreased immunity
- depression, anxiety, and food-related dream
These are all symptoms of: |
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Definition
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