Term
|
Definition
-Circulate throughout body, making contents available to the cells of all tissues
-Cells take triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids to build new membranes, make hormones, and store for later use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Live makes to remove cholesterol from cells and carry it back to the liver for recycling or disposal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HDL= Healthy density lipoprotein
LDL= Less healthy density protein |
|
|
Term
| Difference between LDL and HDL: |
|
Definition
| Proportions and types of lipids and proteins within make the differences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fat provides more than twice the energy of carbs and protein
-Body fat stores have unlimited capacity, thanks to the adipose tissue which takes up and stores triglycerides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases release of adipokine that promotes inflammation and insulin resistance. Leads to heart disease and diabetes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fatty acids needed by the body but not made by it in amounts sufficient to meet psychological needs.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Omega 6, has 18 Carbons with 2 double bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Omega 3, 18 Carbons
-found in eyes, brain and essential for normal growth and cognitivie development.
-when received, body makes EPA and DHA
- 3 double bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Growth retardation
-reproductive failure
-Skin lesions
-kidney and liver disorder
-visual problems
-neurological problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Vital structural and working substance in ALL cells, not just muscle. |
|
|
Term
| What foods have protein in them? |
|
Definition
| -Milk, eggs, legumes, grains, vegetables, meats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Composed of C,H,O and NITROGEN atoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Building blocks of protein
-Consists of central Carbon with a Hydrogen, an amino acid (NH2), and an acid group (COOH). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A protein is made up of about ____ different AA, each with different _____.
|
|
|
Term
Simplest AA=
More complex AA= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonessential Amino Acids: |
|
Definition
-More than half of the AA
-body can synthesize them for itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Must be supplied by diet
-nine of these. |
|
|
Term
Conditionally Essential AA:
|
|
Definition
| -An amino acid that is normally nonessential, but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a bond that connects the acid end of one amino acid with the amino acid end of another, forming a link in a protein chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -2 amino acids bonded together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -3 Amino acids bonded together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -10 or more amino acids bonded together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -the change in a protein's shape and consequent loss of its function brought about by heat, agitation, acid, base, alcohol, heavy metals, or other agents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -The process of physically and chemically reducing complex nutrients into particles that can be absorbed and used by the cells. |
|
|
Term
| In denaturation, what happens to proteins? |
|
Definition
| -Lose their shape, and ability to function |
|
|
Term
| What happens to proteins in the mouth? |
|
Definition
| -Chewing and crushing moisten protein-rich foods and mix them with saliva to be swallowed. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to proteins in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| -HCl uncoils protein strands and activates stomach enzymes. (protein-->pepsin,HCl-->smaller peptides) |
|
|
Term
What does HCl do to the protein in the stomach?
|
|
Definition
-Denature protein structure
-Activate pepsinogen to pepsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cleaves protein to smaller polypeptides and some free amino acids
-Inhibits pepsinogen synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Protein digestion in stomach: |
|
Definition
-Gastric Protease- Start digestion of polypeptids
-HCl -denaturation (pepsinogen-->pepsin)
-Protein to polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| Protein digestion in Small Intestine: |
|
Definition
-Pancreatic and intestinal proteases
-Polypeptides to tripeptides, dipeptides and amino acids
-Single AA are usually absorbed |
|
|
Term
| What happens in protein digestion in the Small Intestine? |
|
Definition
-Pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes(pancreatic and intestinal proteases) split polypeptides further into tirpeptides, dipeptides, and Amino Acids.
-Then, enzymes on the surface of the small intestinal cells hydrolyze peptides and the cells absorb the AA. |
|
|
Term
| What is the end product of Protein Digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the Amino Acids are absorbed, what route do they follow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elements of Protein Synthesis:
|
|
Definition
-DNA
-mRNA (messenger RNA)
-tRNA (Transfer RNA)
-Ribosome ("Protein Machinery")- WHERE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OCCURS! |
|
|
Term
| If any of the Essential Amino Acids are missing, what happens? |
|
Definition
| -The protein synthesis does not take place |
|
|
Term
| Iff the missing Amino Acid is Non-essential what happens in Protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
| -The body will make the missing Non-essential Amino acid and protein synthesis will continue. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of proteins? |
|
Definition
-Growth and Maintenance
-Source of energy and glucose
-Fluid balance
-Hormone, enzyme and antibody formation
-pH maintenance |
|
|
Term
| Whenever the body is growing, repairing, or replacing tissue, what is involved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Proteins are building blocks of most body structures.
-Needed for replacement
-collagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -The protein from which connective tissues such as scars, tendons, ligaments, and the foundations of bones and teeth are made. |
|
|
Term
| Transport; function of proteins |
|
Definition
| ______ of nutrients through body and accross cell membranes, blood clot formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Can synthesize large compounds, or hyrolyze large compounds and is a catalyst. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -A protein that enables a chemical reaction to take place or speeds up the rate of the reaction without being changed in the reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Large proteins of the blod and body fluids, produced by the immune system in response to the invasion of the body by foreign molecules. Fight infection. |
|
|
Term
Animals
(ex. meat, fish, poultry, egg, milk, cheese) also Soy protein |
|
Definition
| Complete proteins are usually from _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-High quality
-easily digestible
-The closer the balance or proportion of essential amino acids is to the human need the higher the quality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Does NOT containt sufficient amounts of all the essential amino acids to support life and growth |
|
|
Term
Example of incomplete protein:
|
|
Definition
| -Most plant proteins, except gelatin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The essential amino acid found in the shortest supply relative to the amounts needed for protein synthesis in the body.
-LIMITS protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
High-quality proteins:
-complete proteins, animal protein |
|
Definition
| -dieetary proteins containing all the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that human beings require. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -The amount of nitrogen consumed as compared with the amount of nitrogen excreted in a given period of time. |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen intake= Nitrogen excretion= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen intake > Nitrogen excretion = |
|
Definition
| Positive balance; growing as teen, pregnancy, athletes |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen intake < Nitrogen excretion= |
|
Definition
| Negative balance; weight loss diets, starvation, liver or kidney damage. |
|
|
Term
| Complementary proteins, Essential AA. |
|
Definition
-two or more proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other.
-together contains all ____ sufficient to support life. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of a complementary protein: |
|
Definition
Peanut butter and bread. (Peanut butter=incomplete protein lacking methionine), (Bread=incomplete protein lacking lysine).
-Rice and beans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ile, Lys, but miss Met Trp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Met, Trp, but lack Ile and Lys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-isoleucine (Ile)
-Lysine (Lys)
-Methionine (Met)
-Tryptophan (Trp) |
|
|
Term
| How to calculate RDA for Protein: |
|
Definition
-Weight in pounds/2.2=Kg body weight
-Kg body weight * 0.8
ex) 150lbs/2.2kg*0.8=g of protein you need a day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-10%-35%
Calculation: Total Kcal *0.10= kcal from protein
-Kcal/ 4kcal/g= g protein |
|
|
Term
| Protein synthesis takes place in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cannot increase muscle mass by over consuming protein
-must be working the muscle
-if over consuming, will make fat tissue |
|
|
Term
| Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) |
|
Definition
| -a deficiency of protein, energy, or both, including kwashiorkor, marasmus, and marasmus-kwashiorkor mix |
|
|
Term
| Chronic, starvation, energy, protein |
|
Definition
| Marasmus is ____, slow_____, very thin, and lacks ____ and _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Occurs mostly in children 6-18 months of age.
-In overpopulated and impoverished areas of the world
-skin and bones
-impairs brain development and learning ability
-no energy to eat if they are offered food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-results from inadequate protein intake and infections
-quickly, not chronic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Protein-energy malnutrition caused by recent severe food restriction;characterized by recent severe food restriction; characterized iin children by underweight for height |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -protein-energy malnutrition caused by long-term food deprivation; characterized by short height for age (stunting). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Age: M(less than 2 yrs.), K(1-3 yrs)
M(develops slowly),K(develops rapid onset)
M(Chronic PEM),K(Acute PEM)
M(Severe weight loss), K(some weight loss)
M(severe muscle wasting), K(some muscle wasting)
M(Growth <60%), K(60%-80%)
M(skin is dry), K (skin develops lesions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-develops quickly
-infection such as measles
-edema
-swollen belly
-protein lacking
-Yellowish,thinning hair
-Flakey skin
-flabby thighs, bloated belly, edema
-accumulates fat on the liver |
|
|
Term
| How do we obtain energy from food? |
|
Definition
| -Once the food is difested and absorbed, it must then be metabolized (ATP). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -The sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells...to produce the energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metabolism occurs within _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"power house of the cell"
-energy metabolism
-ATP made here
-ATP is the energy created during _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Release energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -complex organic molecules that associate closely with most enzymes but are not proteins themselves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -provides the energy that powers all the activities of living cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-building body compounds
ex. Using fatty acids and glycerol to make ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-breakdown of body compounds
-releasing energy
-ATP is the major energy carrier molecule
-Ex.) Breaking down TG to fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -3 Carbon compound that plays a key role in energy metabolism |
|
|
Term
Breakdown of Nutrients for Energy
-In the breakdown process the nutrients are converted to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-High energy molecule that contains phosphorous
-created during catabolism of CHO, FAT, PRO
-Use when energy needed during anabolism or other energy required reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Glycolysis
-pyruvate to acetyl CoA
2. TCA Cycle
3. Electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of Acetyl CoA to Co2 and H+ atoms |
|
|
Term
| Electron Transport Chain: |
|
Definition
| -the final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP |
|
|
Term
| Whare does glycolysis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does TCA and ATP take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -The metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. This does not require oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP |
|
|
Term
| What can be metabolize anaerobically and aerobically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -If the cells lack sufficient mitochondria or in the absence of suffienct oxygen, pyruvate can accept the hydrogens from glucose breakdown and become |
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate is a central compound because: |
|
Definition
| we can synthesize glucose from pyruvate from CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 ATP, CO2, 3 NADH (Coenzymes carrying H+ e-), 1 FADH (cpenzymes H+ and electrons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a series of metbolic reactions that produce CO2 and H atoms.
-Start with acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-final step
-utilizes NADH and FADH as electron transporters
-end producs= ATP, CO2, H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Increases with higher intensity
-accumulate in muscles (pain and fatique)
-liver converts it to glucosen(Cori Cycle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Start with end products of digestion
-fatty acids(hydrophobic), glycerol (hydrophillic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Oxidized for energy (ATP)-taken apart aerobically
-Glycerol portion easily converted to pyruvate
-Fatty acids storied in Adipose Tissue as triglycerides (Acetyl CoA converted to triglycerides) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No ____ can be made from fatty acids in Fat Metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-When not enough CHO in diet
-Too many TG to make glucose
-Conversion of TG to glucose generates Acetyl CoA
-This build up of CoA cause Ketone production which results in ketosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-accumulation of ketones in the blood
-creates more acid pH in body (can be fatal) |
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of ketosis: |
|
Definition
-Acetone excreted via breath (bad breath)
-Ketone bodies excreted via urine (frequent urination and thirst)
-Occurs in diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What can be an end product of Fat metabolism if there is not enough CHO consumed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -compounds produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -The principal nitrogen-excretion production metabolism. Two ammonia fragments are combined with Carbon Dioxide to form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Removal of the amino (NH2) group from a compound such as an amino acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-AA loses its N containing amino group (toxic=NH4)
-N used for AA synthesis
-Ammonia combines with CO2 in the liver to make urea, which is then excreted by the kidneys to the urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Bloodstream-->kidney--> bladder and out of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid
-synthesis of nonessential amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-No storage site for protein
-After needs for growth and repair satisfied- AA catabolized and used for other tasks
-Urea is excreted by the kidneys with water
-Increase protein intake
-increase Urea product
-Increase water loss |
|
|
Term
| End products of AA catabolism |
|
Definition
-Energy
-Water
-Carbond dioxide
-Urea |
|
|
Term
Digestion-Absorption-Metabolism
Integrated with End Products |
|
Definition
-Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides--> final product of CO2, H2O, ATP)
-Lipids (Glycerol-->ATP,CO2, H2O, ketones)
-Protein(AA-->final products ATP,CO2,H2O,Urea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-amount of alcohol in distilled water
ex.) 100 proof= 50% ethanol
80 proof= 40% ethanol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Toxic in small amounts- cell destyctuib
-Drug-alters body functions
-Ethanol can't be stored in the body (special treatment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Stomach
-Ethanol absorption in the stomach 20%
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-controls the amount of ethanol entering the blood
-Size, gender, and genetics determine the rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1/3 less alcohol metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-First stage in liver disease
-Nutrients and oxygen can't reach liver cells
-Alters Amino Acid metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Second stage in liver disease
-Liver cells covered with fatty acids
-firbrous scar tissue
-this stage may be reversible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-final stage of liver disease
-practically inrrecersible liver damage
-leads to liver transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alcohol dehydrogenase is primarily in the
|
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of alcohol metabolism? |
|
Definition
| -1 hour for every 1/2 ounce of ethanol |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol accumulation in the blood: |
|
Definition
| -circulates in bblood until liver cells are ready for alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reserve source of energy
-protect body parts
-fat-soluble vitamins
-temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-composed of glyverol and fatty acids
-found in food and body fat
-most common lipid
-efficient way to store energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water soluble--> vasculaer
Fat soluble--> lymphatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3 carbons
-backbone of TG
-OH side is where the fatty acids attach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-number of Carbons range from 4 to 24
-always even numbers
-Organic acid |
|
|
Term
Triglyceride=
Diglyceride=
Monoglyceride=
|
|
Definition
-3 FA + 1 Glycerol
-2 FA + 1 Glycerol
-1+1 Glycerol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-All Carbon bonding sites are filled
-No double bonds
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -18 Carbon saturated fatty acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -One or more points in the carbon chain with a double bond between Carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
| Monounsaturated Fatty Acid |
|
Definition
| -One double bond in the Carbon chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -18 Carbon monounsaturated fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid |
|
Definition
-More than one double bond in the carbon chain
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Number of double bonds effects
-length of carbon chain effects it as well
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Solid at room temperature
-usually animal sources
-include coconut and palm oil from plants
-butter or veef tallow
-heart disease risk
-LDL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lard is the only one from animal in this fats
-rest from plants suchs as olive oil, canola, and peanut oil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Usually plant source
-liquid at room temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-adding hydrogen back to an unsaturated fatty acid to make it more saturated fatty acid
-Example: Processed foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -When a fat goes bad due to attack by oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Hydrogenation prevents _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Formed during Hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
-May increase blood cholesterol
-H on different sides of C at double bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-H on same side of C at double bond
-Trans fats and health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Linoleic (C 18:2)
-Linolenic (C 18:3)
-Essential nutrients
-Necessary for life or growth
-Body can not make
-body can not make fast enough for growth or life
-must get from food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Need 3% of total Kcal
-Deficiency of this--> growth retardation, reproductive failure, skin lesions, visual problems, neurological problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-complex stucture
-contains glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and choline (Nitrogen containing compound) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-emulsifier
-lecithin is an example: liver makes lecithin
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Part of the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lipid with a multiple-ring structure
Ex.)-Cholesterol, different hormones, Vitamin D, Bile acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Endogenous sources
-the body can make
-Starting material for many components
-structural part of the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -progesterone, testerone, estradiol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ is part of bile salts, which are needed to help with digestion of lipids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
____ is an emulsifier
-part likes water and part likes fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _______ is made from cholester precursor in the skin |
|
|
Term
| Food sources of Cholesterol |
|
Definition
-Exogenous source
-Animal only
-Meat
-Egg yolk
-Fish |
|
|
Term
| Recommendation of dietary cholesterol intake |
|
Definition
300 mg cholesterol/day in diet
children under 2 >200 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipid digestion in stomach |
|
Definition
-Gastric lipase works on short chain fatty acids
-some glycerol and free fatty acids
-mono and diglycerides
|
|
|
Term
| Lipid digestion in Small Intestines: |
|
Definition
-Bile
-Emulsifies fat so enzymes can work
-raises pH
-Pancreatic and intestinal lipases- hydrolyzes fatty acids from glycerol
END PRODUCTS=
Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| Lipid digestion in small intesti |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-make triglyceride in the small intestinal cell.
-packaged into chylomicrons
-released into lymphatic system
-Micelles pachage into this then repackage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-saturated <10%
-polyunsaturated<10%
-monounsaturated < 10%
total= <30% |
|
|
