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Nutrition Test 2
Stuff up to Nutrition Test 2
128
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
02/01/2011

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Term
Describe functions of fat in the body.
Definition
-energy storage (fats are the body’s chief form of stored energy)
-survival mechanism (for times of famine)
-Muscle fuel: Fats provide most of the energy to fuel muscular work
-padding/protection for organs
-insulation- protect against extreme temperatures
form cell membranes
-can be converted to other compounds such as hormones, bile, etc. as needed
Term
Describe functions of fat in food
Definition
-provides essential fatty acids
-concentrated energy source
-transport fat-soluble vitamins (A,E,D,K) and phytochemicals and assist in their absorption
-makes food appealing and stimulates appetite
-satiety- contributes to feeling “full”
-texture-helps make foods tender
-Raw materials fats provide raw material for making needed products.
-contributes to the smell and taste of products.
Term
What are the three types of lipids?
Definition
Sterols, Glycerides, Phospholipids
Term
What is a glyceride
Definition
a glycerol connected to 1,2, or 3 fatty acids
Term
What is a monoglyceride
Definition
a glycerol connected to 1 fatty acid
Term
what is a diglyceride
Definition
a glycerol connected to 2 fatty acids
Term
What is a triglyceride
Definition
a glycerol connected to 3 fatty acids
Term
What is a sterol?
Definition
large complex molecules consisting of interconnected rings of carbon atoms, side chains of carbons, hydrogens, carbons and oxygen. (ex. cholesterol is only found in products of animal origin) precursor to bile, sex hormones, and vitamin d
Term
What are phospholipids?
Definition
a molecule of glycerol with 2 fatty acids and molecule containing phosphorus attached. It has a fat soluble end and water soluble end allowing it to keep fats dissolved in water which makes it an emulsifier. They also bind together to make membranes
Term
What types of structures can fats be found in?
Definition
Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans-fatty acids
Term
Describe the structure of a saturated fatty acids
Definition
no double bonds, solid at room temp. (straight chained hydrocarbons
Term
Describe the structure of monounsaturated fatty acids
Definition
has one double bond of carbon,
Term
Describe the structure of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Definition
has two or more double bonds, (the double bond is the point of unsaturation)
Term
Describe the structure of a transfatty acid
Definition
In this we see that it has the double bond within its structure however it does not disrupt the zigzag formation.
Term
Where is fat digested? How?
Definition
in the small intestine. Fat is emulsified by bile, then fat digesting enzymes break down the fats
Term
Where are triglycerides broken down
Definition
In the small intestine
Term
How are fats absorbed into the body?
Definition
Glycerol and short chained fatty acids (that are water soluble are absorbed into the blood, while other lipid molecules (sterols, mono-and diglycerides) are packed into chylomicrons (lipoproteins) inside interior cells and absorbed into lymph vessels and deposited near the heart.
Term
Lipoproteins do what
Definition
They package fats to be moved through the water and blood
Term
Chylomicrons are made where, and do what?
Definition
They are made in the GI tract, and deliver fat
Term
T or F- Chylomicrons are a cause of Cardiovascular Disease
Definition
False- Chylomicrons are neutral in the risk of heart disease
Term
What removes cholesterol from your body
Definition
The large intestines
Term
LDL is
Definition
Term
HDL
Definition
Term
What are good sources of saturated fats?
Definition
Animal sources, lard, butter coconut oil
Term
What are good sources of monounsaturated fats
Definition
olive oil, canola oil, peanuts
Term
What are good sources of polyunsaturated fats?
Definition
plant sources- soy, safflower, corn, sunflower
Term
What are good sources of Omega 3 fatty acids?
Definition
cold water fish oils, canola, soybean, flaxsee,
Term
How do saturated fats affect health?
Definition
they increase your risk for Cardiovascular Disease, they increase your LDL cholesterol and thus heart disease
Term
How do monounsaturated fats affect health
Definition
May be protective against Cardiovascular disease.
Term
How do polyunsaturated fats affect health
Definition
they may decrease your risk for cardiovascular disease
Term
How does omega 3 fatty acids affect your health
Definition
lowers blood clotting, lowers blood pressure, in excess it increases the risk of hemorrhagic stroke
Term
How does omega six fatty acids affect body health
Definition
increases blood clotting, increases blood pressure, and increases inflammation
Term
What are good sources of omega 6 fatty acids
Definition
corn oil, safflower oil, soybean oil,
Term
What is hydrogenation?
Definition
When hydrogen is added to unsaturated fatty acids
Term
When something is hydrogenated what happens to the double bond?
Definition
It is broken
Term
What are the positive benefits of hydrogenation
Definition
-more solid
-reduced rancidity
-longer shelf life
-better baking characteristics (softer texture)
Term
What are the negative effects of hydrogenation?
Definition
-undesirable health consequences (blood cholesterol and inflammation)
-fats become saturated
-destroys some essential fatty acids
-creates trans-fatty acids
Term
What are some food sources of trans fats
Definition
-hydrogenated fats and oils (vegetable shortenings, some margarine
- deep fried foods
-snack products
Term
What are the recommendations of fat intake from the DGA and USDA food guide and AMDR
Definition
DGA=20-35% of cal/day
keep saturated fats, trans fat and cholesterol consumption low- less than 10% of cal/day for saturated and trans fat and less than 300 miligrams of cholesterol
Term
What are your options for reducing fat intake
Definition
-natural : limit intake of sat. fats, trans fats, and cholesterol, make fat sources fish, nuts/veg oil, change cooking ingredients, change cooking techniques
-fat substitutes- Olestra
Term
Proteins are made up of ___
Definition
Strings of amino acids
Term
The three parts of an amino acid are
Definition
1. carboxyl acid
2. a amine group
3. a side chain
Term
What determines the function of each amino acid
Definition
Its three dimensional shape.
Term
How do you change the 3 dimensional shape of an amino acid
Definition
by raising the temp or changing the pH
Term
How are proteins digested
Definition
When it reaches the stomach, HCl denatures it, and enzymes attack the peptide bonds
-in the small intestine, the majority of amino acids have been cleaved into smaller pieces. Alkaline juice from the pancreas neutralizes the acid from the stomach. Long left over chains are broken down by enzymes into strands of 2 or 3 amino acids
Term
How are proteins absorbed into the body
Definition
The cells along the small intestine absorb single amino acids. The di and tri-peptides are broken down by enzymes on the cell surface and then are absorbed.
Term
In the small intestine how are individual proteins absorbed
Definition
In the small intestine there are separate sites for absorbing amino acids. If too much amino acids are ingested, then that may limit absorption of others of its general type
Term
What vitamins are antioxidant vitamins
Definition
Vitamins A, C, E, Selenium, and Beta Carotene
Term
What are antioxidants
Definition
compounds in the diet made in cells that work to prevent damage to cells and tissues caused by oxidation
Term
What is a vitamin
Definition
an essential non caloric organic nutrient needed in small amounts in the diet
Term
Where are fat soluble vitamins stored
Definition
in the liver
Term
Where are fat soluble vitamins found
Definition
in fats and oils
Term
True or False Fat soluble vitamins are excreted through urine
Definition
False, they are not excreted through urine
Term
True or False- Fat soluble vitamins can reach toxic levels if too much is consumed from supplements
Definition
True
Term
What are the roles of Vitamin A
Definition
-gene expression
-vision
-maintenance of body linings
-growth of bones and of the body
-normal development of the body
-reproduction
Term
What is the recommended daily allowance of Vitamin A for men? Women? What is the toxicity
Definition
900 mcg, 700 mcg, 3000 REAs
Term
What are some characteristics of someone with vitamin A deficiency?
Definition
Stunted growth, night blindness, malformation of tooth enamel and gums, xerophthalmia causes children to go blind
Term
What are some symptoms of someone who is suffering from vitamin a toxicity
Definition
excessive irritability, swelling over the long bones, dry and itchy skin
Term
Where does beta carotene come from? What is it the precursor too? How is it absorbed?
Definition
comes from yellow to orange plant foods and green leafy vegetables. It is the precursor to vitamin a, and it is absorbed through the lymph
Term
____ mg of beta carotene is equal to ____ mg of retinol
Definition
12:1
Term
What is a sign of beta carotene toxicity?
Definition
orange color of the skin
Term
Vitamin C is _____ soluble, an ________, destroyed by _____, _____, and _______. Helps in ______ formation, prevents _______, enhances _____ and ______ absorption, and is need to make proteins for ______ healing.
Definition
water, antioxidant, heat, light, air. Collagen, anemia, calcium, iron, wound healing
Term
What are some symptoms of someone who is vitamin c deficient
Definition
-loss of appetite
-growth cessation
-anemia
-red spots on skin
-tenderness to touch
-weakness
-loose teeth
-bleeding gums
-swollen ankles and wrists
-scurvy
Term
What is the recommended daily allowance of Vitamin C
Definition
75 mg for women, 90 mg for men, 2000 mg TUL
Term
Another form of Vitamin E is?
Definition
Tocopherols
Term
Vitamin E is ____ soluble
Definition
fat
Term
True or False VItamin E is not an antioxidant?
Definition
False
Term
What are good sources of Vitamin E? What destroys it?
Definition
salad oils, other oils, whole grains, liver, beans fruits and veggies-light and oxidation destroys it
Term
What are the functions of Vitamin E
Definition
-lowers LDL's.
-development and maintenance of the nerves and muscles
-protects cells in the immune system
-protects vitamin a from oxidation
Term
What is the recommended daily allowance of Vitamin E
Definition
15 mg for all adults, TUL 1000 mg
Term
What are some symptoms of someone who is vitamin E deficient?
Definition
red blood cell breakage and nerve damage
Term
Why is Vitamin E toxicity bad
Definition
its bad for anticlotting medication
Term
Selenium activates _____, helps prevent ______, supports your _______, and assists a group of _____ in protecting vulnerable chemicals from oxidation
Definition
thyroxin, prostate cancer, immune system, enzymes
Term
Selenium deficiency can result in what
Definition
heart disease, keshan disease
Term
Thyroxin is what
Definition
a hormone produced in the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism
Term
For healthy bones and teeth you need what vitamins
Definition
calcium, phosphorus, vitamin d, vitamin k, fluoride
Term
Minerals are lost through_____
Definition
urine
Term
Calcium absorption occurs where? It is influence by what? What does it hinder other nutrients from doing?
Definition
In the duodenum, vitamin d, binding with iron
Term
In calcium absorption, the ___ the need and the ___ the content in the diet, the greater the efficiency
Definition
higher, lower,
Term
What is the function of calcium
Definition
combines with phosphorous to form cortical bone
Term
The AL of vitamin d is ___ mcg, and ___ is made by sunlight
Definition
5, 50%
Term
What is the precursor to Vitamin D
Definition
Cholecalciferol
Term
What is the RDA of Phosphorus, Toxic upper limit?
Definition
700 mg, 4000 mg
Term
Vitamin K RDA's
Definition
AL 120 mcg men, 90 for women
Term
Vitamin K RDA's
Definition
AL 120 mcg men, 90 for women
Term
Vitamin K is found in
Definition
leafy vegetables,50% made by bacteria in GI tract.
Term
What happens with Vitamin K toxicity
Definition
red blood cells lysis, brain damage, yellowing of skin
Term
Vitamin B6 helps do what?
Definition
body make protein, help cells divide, prevents anemia
Term
Thiamin deficiency
Definition
irritability, apathy, jerky eye, loss of memory
Term
Thiamin RDA
Definition
1.2 mg for men, 1.1. for women, higher if prego or lactating
Term
RIboflavin deficiency>
Definition
inflammation of the eyes, lips, mouth and tongue, greasy skin, cracking at corners of mouth, confusion
Term
Vitamin B1 is found in
Definition
thiamin, found in pork, leafy greens, whole grain cereals, legumes
Term
Thiamin deficiency results in
Definition
Beriberi, loss of sensation in hands, has edema, dry low calories
Term
Vitamin B3 is this, can be found in?
Definition
Niacin, tryptophan can be converted to this, found in beef, chicken, fish, peanuts, legumes, whole and enriched grains
Term
What is the role of niacin
Definition
its involved in enzyme reactions
Term
What are some symptoms of niacin deficiency
Definition
pellagra, diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
Term
What are some symptoms of Niacin Toxicity>
Definition
injure the liver, vision loss, peptic ulcers
Term
What are the RDA's for Niacin
Definition
UL 35 mg, 16 mg for men, 14 mg for women
Term
What are the RDA's for Niacin
Definition
UL 35 mg, 16 mg for men, 14 mg for women
Term
Folate is found in
Definition
uncooked veggies, eggs, orange juice, legumes. milk enhances absorption
Term
The RDA of Folate
Definition
400 mcg UL is 1000, 600 for prego
Term
What are the roles of folate?
Definition
DNA synt. metabolism of amino acids
Term
What does toxic levels of Folate do?
Definition
masks b12 deficiency, antagonistic of anti cancer drugs
Term
What is the DRI of Vitamin B12
Definition
2.4 ug
Term
B12 deficiency =
Definition
damage to nerve sheaths, paralysis, malfunctioning nerves and muscles
Term
True or False, you store protein?
Definition
False, it is converted to urea and you pee it out
Term
What are the roles or protein?
Definition
-provide structure and movement
- build enzymes, hormones and other compounds
- build antibodies
-transport substances
-maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
-maintain acid base balance
-blood clotting
-provide energy
Term
What is nitrogen balance?
Definition
Its the amount of nitrogen consumed compared with the amount excreted in a time period
Term
What are some examples of positive nitrogen balance
Definition
nitrogen consumed is > then whats excreted- growing child, prego woman, anyone gaining mass
Term
What is an example of a plain nitrogen balance or normal
Definition
nitrogen consumed is = whats excreted (college kid, young retiree
Term
What is an example of negative nitrogen balance
Definition
nitro consumed < nitro excreted- sick person, anyone loosing mass
Term
The AMDR says what about protein? The RDA for protein is what
Definition
10-35% of cal/day, 56 grams for men, 46 grams for women
Term
Give examples of High, mid, and low sources of proteins
Definition
High-meat
mid-legumes
low-nuts
Term
What are complementary proteins
Definition
two or more proteins whose amino acid assortments complement in such a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other
Term
Why do we need to ingest essential and non essential amino acids?
Definition
If no nonessential proteins then they synthesize them first, if no essential, then they break down internal proteins, use them for synthesis, and then limit synthesis of proteins
Term
How to calculate individuals recommended protein intake (DRI)
Definition
Take the persons weight in lbs. and convert to kilograms (/2.2) and multiple by .8 and that will give you the persons DRI
Term
How to calculate individuals recommended protein intake (DRI)
Definition
Take the persons weight in lbs. and convert to kilograms (/2.2) and multiple by .8 and that will give you the persons DRI
Term
What are the two forms of PEM
Definition
(Protein energy malnutrition) Marasmus, and Kwashiorkor
Term
What are the symptoms of Marasmus
Definition
person is shriveled, lean all over, muscles including heart weaken, brain development stops. body temp is subnormal, no insulation, digestive tract stops working, killed by disease
Term
What are the symptoms of kwashikor
Definition
big belly, sufficient calories with not enough protein, edema and fatty liver,
Term
What are the affects of excess protein
Definition
Causes heart disease, kidney disease (kidney stones) osteoporosis, and possibly cancer
Term
Low protein does what
Definition
affects the functions as previously stated
Term
What are the benefits of being a vegetarian
Definition
-maintain healthier body weight
-reduces chronic disease, (heart especially)
-lower levels of heart disease and cancer
-defense against high blood pressure
-usually have healthier life style
-high fiber and fruits
-less sat fats
Term
Limits to being a vegetarian
Definition
needs to have a well planned diet or they may omit essential nutrients
Term
Limits to being a vegetarian
Definition
needs to have a well planned diet or they may omit essential nutrients
Term
Vegetarians should try and get these nutrients
Definition
calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin b 12
Term
Water soluble vitamins are
Definition
Vitamin C and B -B includes Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, B6 and B12
Term
The disease from vitamin d deficiency in children
Definition
rickets (malformed bones)
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