assists in energy metabolism

&

also used in nerve processes

Deficiency and symptoms of Thiamin

Beriberi:

enlarged heart

muscular weakness

weight loss, anorexia

apathy

no reported toxicity symptoms

Significant sources of thiamin

pork

whole grains

enriched grains

*easily destroyed by heat

milk products

whole grain

liver

*easily destoryed by UV light 

& irradiation

assists in energy metabolism

dietary tryptophan

pellagra

dementia

bright red tongue

Dementia

Dermatitis

Diarrhea

Death (eventually)

niacin flush

liver damage

all protein foods containing tryptophan

whole grains and enriched grains

roles in gene expression

energy metabolism

hair loss

red scaly rash on face

depression

*no toxicity symptoms

organ meats

egg yolks

soy beans

fish

whole grains

gi bacteria

part of coenzyme A

used to make acetyl CoA

Very rare

hypoglycemia

organ meats

mushrooms

whole grains

avocado

broccoli

*easily destroyed in food processing

amino acid and fatty acid metabolism

anemia(small cell type)

scaly dermatitis

depression

B6 toxicity symptoms

skin lesions

depression

nerve damage

meats, fish, poultry

potatoes, legumes, noncitrus fruits

liver

soy products

fortified cereals

*only vitamin w/ significant body stores

converts B12 into active form

helps synthasize dna especially in rapidly growing cells

anemia(large cell type)

smooth red tongue

deficiency in mom can cause neural tube defects in baby

fortified grains

leafy green veggies

legumes, seeds

liver

synthetic is less bioavailable than natural

DFE's (dietary foalte equivalents)

heart disease

breast and pancreatic cancer

assists with new cell synthesis

maintains nerve muscles

activates folate

helps break down fatty acids and amino acids

pernicious anemia

anemia (large cell type)

fatigue

paralysis

animal products

fortified cereals

*easily destroyed by microwave cooking

collagen synthesis

antioxidant

amino acid metabolism

resistance to infection

absorption of iron

scurvy

anemia (small cell type)

atherosclerotic plaques

poor wound healing

citrus frutis

green veggies

*easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

retinol

precursors are carotenoids

vision

maintance of epithelial

immunity

reproduction

bone and tooth growth

hypovitaminosis A

night blindness

softening of cornea

blindness

 plugging of hair follicles with keratin

hypervitaminosis A

reduced bone density

birth defects

liver abnormalities

Acute:

blurred vision

vertigo, nausea

headaches

Vitamin A significant sources

retinol: milk products, eggs

beta carotene: dark leafy greens,deep orange fruits and veggies

calciferol

mineralization of bones

ricketts( in children)

misshapen bones

enlragement of ends of long bones

deformities of ribs

hypervitaminosis D

elevated blood calcium

frequent urination

calcification of soft tissues

synthesized in body with sunlight

milk, cereals

fatty fish, veal, beef,egg yolks,liver

tocopherol

antioxidant

polyunsaturated plant oils

leafy green veggies

, wheat germ, whole grains,liver, egg yolk

nuts, seeds

*easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

hemolytic anemia

nerve damage

rare

augments effects of anticlotting meds

synthesis of blood clotting proteins 

&

bone preoteins that regulate blood calcium

liver

leafy green veggies

synthesis in gi tract

milk