Term
| What are the three components of the small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equivalent of the appendix in the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme is found in the cecum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What comes first, the small or large intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the word for 'high crown' teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the age range for the replacement of baby teeth with adult teeth? |
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Definition
| 2.5 years, ends by 5 years |
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Term
| up to what age is using the teeth to estimate age of a horse reliable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the mouth? |
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Definition
| 10-12L /day of saliva, which contains enzymes to prevent the stomach from becoming too acidic |
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Term
| What are the contents & function of saliva? |
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Definition
-moistens the food
-contains bicarbonate |
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Term
True or False
Amylase is found in saliva |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure is involved in the passage of food from the mouth to the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What prevents horses from vomiting or burping? |
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Definition
| pylolic & cardiac sphincters are very strong |
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Term
| What % of the GIT capacity is the stomach? Volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the stomach? |
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Definition
initiates protein digestion
storage of food |
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Term
| What enzymes are found in the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
pH in the stomach is dependent on feeding |
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Definition
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Term
| When the stomach is empty, will pH be low or high? |
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Definition
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Term
| When food enters the stomach, what happens? |
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Definition
| HCl released activates pepsin which denatures the proteins |
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Term
True or False
Rate of movement through the GI tract is constant |
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Definition
False
Dependent on the volume of food |
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Term
| The colon is what percentage of the GIT? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the colon adapted to accommodate the horse's diet? |
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Definition
| -enlarged to allow for fermentation of digesta by microorganisms |
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Term
| Are enzymes secreted in the large intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the pancreas? |
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Definition
Secretes bicabornate, trypsin & amylase into the SI
produces insulin and glucagon |
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Term
| What is the function of the liver? |
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Definition
produces bile
vital for cleansing & storage of substances |
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Term
| What does bicarbonate do? |
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Definition
| makes the stomach less acidic (raises pH) |
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Term
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Definition
| emulsifies fat, neutralizes acid digesta |
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Term
| Where is protein digested? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are soluble CHO (grains) digested? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where are Ca/Mg/Vitamins digested |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is phosphorous digested? |
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Definition
20-50% small intestine
50-80% colon |
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Term
| What does the large intestine consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is faster, hindgut or foregut fermentation? How long? |
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Definition
hindgut, 35-40 hours
foregut is 100hrs |
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Term
| Compare hindgut & foregut fermenters |
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Definition
Hindgut:
-less efficient at breaking down cellulose
-cant use microorganisms as nutrients
-cant detoxify plant defensees
-fast digestion
-need lots of water
Foregut Fermenters
-more efficient celllose breakdown
-can use microorganisms as nutrients
-can detoxify plant defenses
-slow digestion
-low rater requirements |
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Term
| Do hindgut fermenters do better on high or low quality feed? |
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Definition
| large volumes of low quality |
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Term
| Describe the grazing succession on the african savannah |
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Definition
-zebras move into an area of long grasses (high lignins)
-wildebeest (ruminants) eat lower more nutritious grasses
-gazelles eat the leaves of what's left behind |
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Term
| What are three common myths about feeding horses? |
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Definition
Bran mashes have a laxative effect
(increases the bulk of the manure but it's a false effect)
-fibre isn't any different than their regular diet
Beet Pulp is just a filler, no nutr. value
-high source of digestible fibre and comparable protein to grass hay
Blue salt is only for cattle
-only blue to indicate Co added
-horses dont actually need the extra Co but won't do any harm |
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Term
| what is the biggest variable affecting nutrient content within a type of hay and how does it affect it? |
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Definition
-stage of maturity at time of harvest
early = soft, leafy, higher nutrient density & palatability
older = more coarse, lower nutrient value |
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Term
| What category of horses is it appropriate to feed early maturity of alfalfa hay? |
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Definition
-growing horses & lactating mares
-have higher nutrient needs |
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Term
| What are two potential advantages of cubes over baled hay? |
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Definition
less dust than long, baled hay
less waste than baled hay
increased voluntary consumption |
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Term
| What are the three types of colic? |
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Definition
torsion
intususception
impaction |
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Term
| Why are horses prone to colic |
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Definition
the long mesontary in the SI means the jejunum is more mobile, prone to twisting & turning
lots of twists and turns in the gut = easy to to get an impaction |
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Term
| Looking at the profile lines of the tail head & hips, what do a score of 0, 3 & 5 mean? |
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Definition
0- can see spinous process easily
3- smooth over spinous process
5- gutter/crease |
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Term
| What percentage of the GIT is made up by the small intestine, and how long is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the small intestine? |
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Definition
-digestion of soluble CHOs, fat & protein
-absorption of products of hydrolysis |
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Term
| What happens to all undigested feed residues, starch, microorganisms etc. from the small intestine |
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Definition
| -leave and enter the cecum |
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Term
| What enzymes digest soluble CHOs |
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Definition
| amylases, sucrases, lactases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What enzymes digest protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blind sac between the large & small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How much of the cecum's volume is made of bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What produces the enzyme cellulase? |
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Definition
| anaerobic bacteria in the cecum |
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Term
| What does cellulase do and where does it work? |
|
Definition
Converts cellulose to VFA
large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
acetic acid
propionic acid
butyric acid |
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Term
| What is microbial fermentation dependent on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will happen if there is too much starch in the LI |
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Definition
| lactic acid will be produced |
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Term
| Why is the protein of dying microorganisms not absorbed by horses? |
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Definition
| because they occur after the small intestine, where protein digestion & absorption occurs |
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Term
| How many carbons are in a VFA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Colon: What is the % GIT, length & volume |
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Definition
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