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Definition
| it could possibly get in food |
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| laws we have now: shift of burden of proof can not put something in food till it is safe |
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| Acute Toxicity: Feed to animals to see what single dose will kill half the animals in 2 weeks. Low dose = bad |
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Definition
| Weight gain, food consumption, organ weights, complete blood profile, histopathological examination of organs |
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| s a compound that causes a miss read in the DNA - birth defects - not inheritable (Thalidomide) |
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Definition
| if effects three generations is not allowed: fertility, live births, body weights, gross abnormalities, length of gestation, still births, survival at 4 days (equivalent to a year in humans). |
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| * Most important Chronic Feeding Studies |
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Definition
| 2 years in 2 species - to determine highest dose that has no effect / 100 = no effect dose ( does not apply to a carcinogen) |
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Definition
| what happens when it gets in the body: absorption, distribution, storage, tissues accumulation, metabolism, enzyme profiles |
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Definition
| use old animals - highest concentration that does not shortened the life span of the animal |
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Definition
| carcinogens must be mutagens not all mutagens are carcinogens |
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| Acceptable Applications of additives |
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Definition
| improve nutritional value, enhance quality, reduce waste … |
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Definition
| can’t deceive, or replace good manufacturing practices |
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Definition
stop microbial growth, oxidation etc. most common
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate)
calcium propionate -- molding bread
potassium sorbate (sorbic acid) |
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Definition
EDTA
Citric acid
Phoshoric acid |
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Definition
BHA
BHT
TBHQ
Erythorbic (vitamin c) |
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Definition
| ransfer of genetic material from one source into a living cell for replication and expression |
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Definition
| manipulation of the gene pool using biochemical techniques |
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Definition
| bacterial enzymes that cut DNA into pieces at very specific sites. (bigger pieces) |
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Definition
| Insert genes into other organism animal, plants, bacteria, yeast |
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Definition
| polymerase chain reaction : make many copies of DNA |
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Definition
| restriction fragment lenght polymorphism- differences in lenghts of DNA between two people.. allows use to look for patterns (ID people or IDing diseases) |
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Term
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Definition
attaches it self to sense strand and cannot be read by ribosomes.
Advantages: no new proteins, applicable to every enzyme
Disadvantages: can not add new capabilities( can only take away), patent problems, difficult in practice |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulin(inorder to get it from humans) and diabetes, Somatotropin and Dwarfism (human growth hormone), Erythropietin and Anemia and kimo. Tissue Plasminogen Act and Heart Attacks (protien that causes your body to make another protein to dissolve blood clots). |
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Term
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Definition
Should be well characterized
stable enough to minimize rearrangements
Toxicants and anti-nutritional factors must be at or below current cultivars
Pre-market approval
Labeling |
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Term
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Definition
Should be well characterized
stable enough to minimize rearrangements
Toxicants and anti-nutritional factors must be at or below current cultivars
Pre-market approval
Labeling |
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Term
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Definition
| caves stomach - milk in order to make cheese- made a genetical version (saves cows) is identical, but cleaner so is not label |
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Definition
| tomato with better quality. ethanane gas would turn in red but the flavor sucked. Polygalacturonase cause fruit to soften. part of DNA antisense. first genertically altered food |
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Definition
| major controversy caterpillar (european corn borer). pesticides cause problems when other animals eat it or it kills too much so BT = bacteria kills caterpillar by toxin. Protein is only toxic to the caterpillar and a few other insects. now gene inserted into the corn |
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Definition
| Herbicide that causes gene stuff to die by herring photosynethis. their is a gene now inserted into crops that protects against the herbicide. |
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Definition
Herbicide resistance
Pest resistance
Disease resistant
Nitrogen fixation
drought tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
produced in bone marrow
Modified by thymus T-cells only responded to antigens on the surface mediated immunity
modified by the bone marrow B-cells: humoral fluid = immunity |
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Term
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Definition
system of recognition before you are born
cells created that have proteins on surface already in order to react with antigens coming in at birth. |
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Definition
takes a long time) Active immunity
effector cells: produce antibodies
memory cells: look for that antogen |
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Term
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Definition
has never been exposed before
mother to child give already prepped anti-bodies.
but no memory cells = will not be resistant in the future |
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Term
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Definition
Reproduce in the cells so body can get rid of them
Cytotoxic: T-cells ( the cell) put antigens on the outside of cells so T-cells can start killing the cell
macrophotgens eat the cell |
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Term
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Definition
how to stop it from killing our own cells
at birth antibodies taught to recognize all cells that are there
autoimmune disease is when this doesn't work
Diabetes is an example |
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Term
| Characteristics of cancer |
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Definition
uncontrolled growth
loss of contact inhibition
loss of differentiation
Genetic change |
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Term
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Definition
Prostate = 100%
Breast=97%
Lung= 49% |
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Term
| What is cancer: uncontrolled cell growth |
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Definition
over 100 different diseases
2nd leading cause of death in U.S.
takes several genetic changes to create cancer |
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Term
| Cell (30 trillion in the body) |
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Definition
growth
differentiate
static
die |
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Term
| Mutations: change in DNA of cell (usually harmful, usually dies) |
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Definition
chemicals
UV radiation
Viruses |
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Term
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Definition
bind DNA and other critical cellular targets
critical gene targets involved in cell growth |
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Term
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Definition
Oncogenes(mutation/ cause cancer) /proto-Oncogenes (normal)
Tumor Supresor genes= tell cells to growth or die - the mutation leads to no more prevention of cancer
p53 is a classic tumor supressor |
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Term
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Definition
RAS- not designed but can cause cancer
Ras occurs in many forms - can initiate cancer.
protein replaces a gylcine with a valine |
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Definition
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Definition
30-40% related to diet
60-70% can prevent most of all cancers |
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Definition
diets high in fiber help colon cancer
Dilutes harmful substances
Bind to bile
binds to other carcinogens |
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Term
| Hormonal cancers - breast and prostate |
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Definition
Avoid saturated fats - animal products
include unsaturated - mono and poly |
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Term
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Definition
always in moderation can cause
Esophagus, pharynx, and month cancer |
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