The sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells.

-Includes all the reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food.

-The building up of body compounds (Small moleculest - - Larger ones)

-Condensation reactions

- ex: Glucose+glucose=glycogen

- glycerol + fatty acids = triglycerides

-Amino acids+Amino acids= Protein

* REQUIRES ENERGY

-The breaking down of body compounds

* RELEASE/YIELD ENERGY

- Ex: Glycogen=glucose/glucose

triglycerides=glycerol/fatty acids

protein= amino acids

Carbs: converts fructose/galactose to glucose, makes/stores glycogen(breaks down-glucose)

Lipids: builds/breaks down triglycerides,phospholipids, and cholesterol, fatty acids, packages lipoproteins, makes bile, ketone bodies

Proteins: amino acids, removes ammonia

-Detoxifies alcohol (poisons)

-Stores vits/minerals

- 3 Phosphate groups w/high energy bonds in b/w

-Vulnerable to hydrolysis-release energy b/w bonds

-a purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and 3 phosphate groups

Coupled Reactions

-The hydrolysis of ATP occurs simultaneously w/reactions that will use that energy

-a metabolic duet

* Energy released from one reaction fuels another reaction (ADP + Phosphate= ATP)

- Glucose (6 Carbons)

-Glycerol (3 Carbons)

-Fatty Acids (16/18 Carbons)

Amino Acids (2^ Carbons w/a N attached)

*Pyruvate (3 Carbon)

* Acetyl CoA (2 Carbon w/Coenzyme A)

*Pyruvate can be used to make glucose

* Acetyl CoA cannot make glucose (can provide fat)

-Glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules= Glycolysis (catabolic, anaerobic)

*Pyruvate 2 options (1 anaerobic- lactate 2-Aerobic - Acetyl CoA

-Glucose-pyruvate-lactate = anaerobic

- yields energy, but does not last long

-allows glycolysis to continue(cori cycle)

-Aerobic - lasts longer, but produces energy more slowly (total engergy yielded is greater)

Cell needs energy

&

Oxygen is available

-pyruvate molecules enter mitochondria of cell

-Carbon group removed, 2 carbon w/CoA added=Acetyl CoA, deleted carbon=co2

-pyruvate to acetyl CoA= IRREVERSIBLE (catabolic)

1. Synthesize fats (ATP abundant--storage as triglycerides)

2. Generate ATP(if ATP=low):

Acetyl CoA proceeds thru TCA cycle, releases Hs and elecs - to elec tran chain

*Glycolysis- energy for short bursts of activity

Glycerol = 3 carbons

Reversible to form pyruvate/acetyl CoA

-Fatty Acid Oxidation: each 2 carbon fragment splits and forms w/a CoA molecule--Acetyl CoA

(metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA)

*fatty acids cannot make glucose(only has 2 carbons)

Amino Acids (Protein)

1. Amino acids to acetyl CoA

2.Amino acids to glucose

1. Amino acids 1st lose their nitrogen containing amino group (deanimation)

2. Can make pyruvate/glucose (protein=good source of glucose when there's no carbs)

-Before metabolic pathway must deanimate

-Causes 2 products:

1. Keto acid- A carbon structure w/o its amino group

2.Ammonia (NH3) -can disturb body's acid-base balance

-thru many of these reactions & keto acid liver can make nonessential amino acids

= The transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid --produces a nonessential amino acid and a new keto acid

Energy from amino acids

1. Ketogenic amino acids: form acetyl CoA

2. Glucogenic amino acids: form glucose via pyruvate and TCA intermediates

-acetyl CoA enters, produces 2 co2s and a CoA

- 4 carbon compound OXALOACETATE used in 1st step, synthesized in last step (made from anything but fat, need carbs)

*produces carbon dioxide (2 for each acetyl CoA)

The Electron Transport Chain

**Fatty Acids yields most energy (16 carbons- 129 ATP)

-Energy is captured between ATP's high energy bonds

-consists of proteins (carrirers in intermembrane of mitochondria)

-coenzymes deliver e's from TCA cycle

-e's go to oxygen at end of chain

O w/H atoms = WATER (H2O)

-Rush of hydrogens powers ATP synthesis

- Energy In = Energy Out

- Feasting = more energy in

- Fasting = more energy out

Feasting

(EXCESS ENERGY)

-Excess Fat: Converts dietary fat to fat in adipose tissue (storing food directly/sufficiently, FAT OXIDATION)

-

- Fill up glycogen stores

- Small portion converted and stored as fat

- increas glucose oxidation

-Replace normal daily losses (like outter layer of skin)

- Increasees protein oxidation

-Converted and stored as fat

Fasting

(Inadequate Energy)

- Brain tired blood cells need glucose

- Protein providing energy in absense of glucose

(1st few days of fast- 90%protein, 10%glycerol)

**Ketosis= Prolonged fasting:

-Fat converted to ketone bodies

-Slows down use of body protein for energy

-Ethanol (ETOH): 7kcals per gram

- In beer, wine, distilled (hard) liquors

Dietary Guidelines: - women 1 drink, men 2 

**1 Drink = 1/2 oz. pure ETOH, or 5 oz wine, 10oz wine cooler, 12 oz beer, 1 1/2 oz distilled liquor

***100 proof=50%ETOH, 80=40%ETOH

-Rapidly absorbed: especially on empty stomach

* Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Men produce more of this enzyme than women (enzyme in stomach/liver converts ETOH to acetaldehyde)

-Produces abundance of NADH

- TCA cycle slows, causing build-up of pyruvate and acetly CoA

-promotes fatty acid synthesis in liver

1. Fatty Liver: Reversible, accumulation of fat in liver cells

2. Fibrosis: liver cells lose their function become scar tissue (forms fibers)

3. Cirrhosis: Advanced, tissue least reversible, liver cells die and turn orange

- Fatty liver

-Difficulty activating vit D, producing bile

- difficulty of glyconeogenesis (making glucose form noncarb molecules)

- ketosis/lactat disrupts acid-base balance

-decreased protein synthesis

-altered drug metabolism

Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System

(MEOS)

**Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: neurological disorder chronic alcoholism, deficiency of vit B thiamin

- Enzymes that metabolize ETOH and other drugs

-Stimulated by excess ETOH

Alcohol- Narcotic:dulls senses, induces sleep, addicting

-decreases production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (water/mineral loss-thirst)