Term
| 6 Categories of nutrients |
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Definition
| carbs, proteins, lipids (fats), vitamins, minerals, water |
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Term
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Definition
| sugars (mono- and disaccharides), absorbed and digested easily (glucose, fructose, sucrose, syrups, honey fruits, milk) |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharides, starches, digestible, provide energy (bread, cereal, rice, pasta, potatoes, flour products, legumes) dietary fiber (ingestible) |
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Term
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Definition
| supply energy (primary and preferred source, 4kcal/gram) "spare" protein, promote fat metabolism, increase, satiety, provides nearly all energy for the brain, fuels strenuous muscle activity |
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Term
| Glucose is stored in the liver as ______ |
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Definition
| glycogen (glycogen is converted back to glucose for energy) |
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Term
| Recommended intake of carbs |
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Definition
| 55-60% of total daily calories, 25-35 (30*) grams per day of fiber |
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Term
| Normal range of blood sugar |
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Definition
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Term
| How many essential amino acids are there? |
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Definition
| 9 (body cannot synthesize so intake is critical) |
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Term
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Definition
| sufficient to maintain tissues and promote growth |
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Term
| Partially complete proteins |
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Definition
| sufficient to maintain life; NOT growth |
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Term
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Definition
| insufficient to maintain life and growth |
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Term
| Positive nitrogen balance |
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Definition
| intake > nitrogen excreted, new tissues synthesized (growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues) |
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Term
| negative nitrogen balance |
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Definition
| excretion > intake, excessive tissue breakdown |
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Term
| major functions of proteins |
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Definition
| build and repair tissues, regulate fluid balance (albumin in blood attracts fluid), immune system function (antibodies and lymphocytes), secondary energy source (behind carbs and fats, 4 kcal/g), acid-base balance (blood proteins are buffers), metabolism |
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Term
| recommended intake of protein |
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Definition
| 45-60g/day, 10-15% of total calories |
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Term
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Definition
| glycerides (triglycerides are most common, 95% of lipids in diet), sterols (lipids with no fatty acids, cholesterol is most important), phospholipids (key components of lipoproteins, soluble in water, major transport vehicle for lipids in blood) |
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Term
| Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) |
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Definition
| transport cholesterol to body cells, can result in fatty deposits on artery walls, "bad" (remember by Lousy or Lethal) |
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Term
| high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
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Definition
| remove cholesterol from blood and take to liver for bile production, protective against CV disease, "good" (healthy) |
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Term
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Definition
| omega-6 fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids (these can't be synthesized by the body) |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of saturated fatty acids (every C atom fully bound to/saturated with hydrogen), animal fats, solid at room temp, raise LDLs, linked to CV disease, stroke, and high cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| plant sources, help lower cholesterol, decrease risk of CV disease and stroke when substituted for saturated fats |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid at room temp; solidify in fridge (turn cloudy) |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid at room temp and in the fridge |
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Term
| trans fat; trans fatty acids |
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Definition
| manufactured (not natural), hydrogenated (add H to oils to increase shelf life), raise total cholesterol and LDLs, lower HDLs, in nearly all fried and baked goods |
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Term
| Lipid/fat recommendations |
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Definition
| approx. 30% of total calories, daily intake of trans fats should be limited to 1% of total calories, daily intake of saturated fat limited to 15-19g/day |
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Term
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Definition
| supply essential nutrients (absorption of fat-soluble vitamins *A, D, E, and K), energy source (9 kcal/g), satiety, protection, insulation |
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Term
| Good lab values for cholesterol |
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Definition
triglycerides <200
cholesterol <200
LDL <160
HDL >35 |
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Term
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Definition
omentum (protection)
subQ tissue (insulation)
blood vessels (plaque)
organs (cirrhosis/fat in liver) |
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Term
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Definition
A, D, E, and K
absorbed with fats and bile
stored in body
excess can be toxic |
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Term
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Definition
vitamin B complex, folic acid, and vitamin C
readily absorbed
excess excreted in urine
daily intake important |
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Term
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Definition
don't provide energy but...
facilitate release of energy from carbs, proteins, and lipids
catalyst for certain metabolic functions
promote life and growth processes
maintain/regulate body functions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
RDA = > 100mg/day
calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, and sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
trace elements: RDA = <100mg/day
copper, fluoride, iron, zinc, chromium, silenium |
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Term
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Definition
components of hormones, cells, tissues, and bones
catalyst for chemical reactions
enhances cell function |
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Term
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Definition
primarily in bones and teeth
most abundant mineral in body
functions: coagulation (converts thrombin to prothrombin), nerve impulse transmission (formation of acetylcholine), contraction/relaxation of muscles (deficiency can lead to cramps) |
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Term
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Definition
primarily in extracellular fluid
maintains body fluid and acid/base balance (makes you more basic)
recommended: <2300mg/day |
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Term
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Definition
primarily in intracellular fluid
protein synthesis
fluid balance
regulation of muscle contraction (heart muscle irregularities if decrease in potassium) |
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Term
| water ("forgotten" nutrient) recommendations |
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Definition
| need 2500-3000mL/day, most important and abundant nutrient in body (50-65% of total body weight) |
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Term
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Definition
solvent for body's chemical processes
body fluid balance
transporting substances
lubricating cells
regulating body temp (sweat) |
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Term
| Decrease of 4% of water in body leads to... |
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Definition
| impaired decision-making, concentration, and physical work |
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Term
| decrease of 20% can result in...... |
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Definition
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Term
| Water deficiency PA findings |
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Definition
| weight loss, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, poor skin turgor, dry tongue with longitudinal furrows, sunken eyes, decreased urinary output, dry skin and mucous membranes |
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Term
| major functions of digestion |
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Definition
ingestion
break down of nutrients (and absorption)
disposal |
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Term
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Definition
| mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
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Term
| accessory organs (located outside the GI tract, secretions to GI tract via ducts) |
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Definition
salivary glands (salivary enzymes)
pancreas (pancreatic enzymes)
liver (bile)
gallbladder (stores and concentrates bile) |
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Term
| mouth and pharynx digestion |
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Definition
mastication: mechanical digestion
chemical digestion: salivary amylase
bolus formed |
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Term
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Definition
| transport to stomach, mucous lubricant |
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Term
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Definition
sublingual
submandibular
parotid |
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Term
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Definition
gastric juices, chyme (acidified liquid mass)
churning/peristaltic (sm. intestine) food remains in stomach for approx. 3 hours |
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Term
| small intestine digestion |
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Definition
major site of digestion and absorption
bile, pancreatic juices, intestinal juices (mix with chyme) |
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Term
| small intestine absorption of nutrients |
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Definition
protein (production of AA)
carbs (glucose, fructose, and galactose)
fats (fatty acids, glycerides, glycerol)
water absorption (approx. 9.5L/day) |
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Term
| large intestine digestion |
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Definition
absorbs water (0.4L)
electrolytes and minerals
feces formed |
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Term
digestion and accessory organs
pancreas |
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Definition
pancreatic juice (enzymes breakdown carbs, fats, and proteins)
insulin production (regulates glucose metabolism) |
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Term
digestion and accessory organs
liver |
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Definition
produces bile (fat digestion)
stores glycogen, fat-soluble vitamins, and some water-soluble vitamins
metabolizes carbs, fats, and proteins |
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Term
digestion and accessory organs
gallbladder |
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Definition
stores and concentrates bile (fat digestion)
bile released via common bile duct to sm. intest.
chyme with high fat content leads to bile release which leads to emulsification of fat for enzyme action |
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Term
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Definition
passage of ingested nutrients
Stomach: absorbs water, alcohol, K, Na, glucose
sm. intest.: all other nutrients (vits, minerals) |
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Term
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Definition
chemical processes
conversion of digested nutrients
principle site: liver |
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Term
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Definition
regulates distribution of nutrients
releases nutrients to cells |
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Term
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Definition
excess glucose converted to glycogen (insulin needed)
anabolic process
stored until needed (short term)
long term: converted to fat |
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Term
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Definition
fat and amino acids converted to glucose for energy
catabolic process |
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Term
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
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Definition
energy needs at rest
minimal energy to maintain life |
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Term
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Definition
| Recommended DIETARY (not daily) Allowance |
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Term
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Definition
| foods of plant origin only |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
eat eggs
omit: milk and dairy products |
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Term
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Definition
| eat eggs, milk, and dairy products |
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Term
| Disease processes that interfere with nutrient absorption/metabolism etc. |
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Definition
| HIV, cancer, burns, major surgery (NPO, wound healing), trauma (dramatic increase in nutrient requirements) |
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Term
| religion, spirituality, and cultural restrictions |
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Definition
| catholics, muslims, buddhists, vegetarians, african-americans, hispanic, asian cultures, socioeconomic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| anorexia nervosa and bulimia |
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Term
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Definition
effects appetite
toxic effects on intestinal mucosa
impairs nutrient storage
increases nutrient catabolism
liver damage
increase nutrient excretion |
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Term
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Definition
alter absorption of nutrients
alter metabolism
alter excretion |
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