Term
| How are free radicals formed? |
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Definition
| An unpaired number of electrons creates unstable atoms which are also known as free radicals. They are formed by pollution, excess sunlight, toxic substances, radiation, tobacco smoke, and asbestos. |
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Term
| What are the diseases associated with free radical damage? |
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Definition
| They damage low-density lipoproteins(LDLSs), cell proteins, and DNA. They increase the risk for chronic diseases such as heart disease, various cancers, diabetes, cataracts, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s. |
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Term
| How do antioxidant vitamins stabilize free radicals? |
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Definition
| They donate their electrons or hydrogen molecules to free radicals to stabilize them and reduce oxidation damage. |
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Term
| What are the antioxidant systems and what are their functions? |
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Definition
Superoxide dismutase- converts free radicals to less damaging substances, such as hydrogen peroxide.
Catalase-removes hydrogen peroxide from the body.
Glutathione peroxidase- removes hydrogen peroxide. |
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Term
| For the vitamins and minerals with antioxidant properties, list their: |
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Definition
1-Initiation
2-Promotion
3-Progression |
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Term
| Know the risk factors associated with cancer development |
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Definition
| Tobacco use, unhealthful diet, infectious agents, ultraviolet radiation, physical inactivity. |
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Term
| Know the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease |
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Definition
-Smoking
-Hypertension
-High blood levels of LDL cholesterol
-Obesity
-Sedentary lifestyle
-Low blood levels of HDL cholesterol
-Diabetes
-Males before age 55
-Females before age 65 and postmenopausal |
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Term
| What is low-grade inflammation and C-reactive protein? |
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Definition
| Low-grade inflammation- weakens plaque in blood vessels (likely to burst, break away, lodge in blood vessels of heart or brain, close off blood supply =heart attack). C-reactive protein- increases the risk for heart attack. |
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Term
| What is the difference between macular degeneration and cataracts? |
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Definition
Macular degeneration- leading cause of blindness, deterioration of center portion of retina, loss of the ability to see details.
Cataracts- damaged portion of eye’s lens (cloudy vision), impaired adjustment from dark to bright light. |
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Term
| What are the major functions, and types of bone? |
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Definition
Cortical bone- 80% of the skeleton, outer surface of bone.
Trabecular bone- (spongy bone) 20% of the skeleton, inside of bones (scaffolding), supports outer cortical bone, faster turnover rate(sensitive to hormonal changes and nutritional deficiencies). |
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Term
| Explain the different processes involved in bone development. |
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Definition
Bone growth- increase in bone size
Bone modeling- shaping of bone (completed by early adulthood; exercise and overweight increases thickness).
Bone remodeling-recycling of bone tissue |
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Term
| Explain bone density; what factors influence peak bone density? |
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Definition
Bone density is the compactness of bone. Peak bone density is influenced by:
-Late pubertal age in boys
-Late onset of menstruation in girls
-Inadequate calcium intake
-Low body weight
-Physical inactivity during the pubertal years. |
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Term
| Explain osteoporosis, what are its characteristics? |
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Definition
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by:
- Low bone mass
- Deterioration of bone tissue
- Fragile bones leading to bone-fracture risk
- Compression of bone (decreased height)
- Shortening and hunching of the spine. |
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Term
| What are the risk factors of osteoporosis? |
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Definition
Age,
gender,
smoking,
poor nutrition,
physical inactivity |
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Term
| What are the treatments for osteoporosis? |
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Definition
-The following slow the progression of osteoporosis and might increase bone mass.
-Adequate cacium and vitamin D intake
-Regular exercise (weight-bearing)
-Medications:
-Anti-resorptive medications (Biophosphonates-Fosamax)
-Anabolic medications (parathyroid hormones) |
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Term
| What are the components of blood? |
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Definition
| Erythrocytes, eukocytes, Platelets, and plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Red blood cells that transport oxygen through the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| White blood cells that are the key to our immune sytem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell fragments that assist in blood clotting that maintains adequate blood volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pasma is the fluid porton of the blood |
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Term
| Explain the different classes of anemia |
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Definition
-Microcytic anemia- (low iron or vitamin B6)
-Macrocytic anemia( low vitamin B12 or folate)
-Pernicious anemia (low vitamin B12) |
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Term
| What are the functions and components of a healthy immune system? |
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Definition
A healthy immune system:
-Protects the body from infectious diseases
-Helps heal wounds
-Guards against the development of cancers. |
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Term
| How is the immune system impacted by nutrition? |
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Definition
-A nourishing diet provides all of the nutrients the immune system needs.
-Single nutrient subclinical deficiencies can cause subtle abnormalities in immunity.
-Protein-energy malnutrition and severe micronutrient deficiencies reduce immune function |
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Term
Vitamin E
a.Active forms
b.Absorption
c.Functions
d.Sources
e.Toxicity/Deficiency disorders/symptoms associated |
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Definition
Tocopherol & alpha ocopherol;
Reduces ranicidity and spoilage of products. Normal nerve and muscle development. Enhances immune system. Promotes vitamin A absorption. Sources: Veggie oils, nuts, cereals.
Toxicity: high supplemental doses may be toxic. Deficiency is rare. |
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Term
Vitamin C
a.Active forms
b.Absorption
c.Functions
d.Sources
e.Toxicity/Deficiency disorders/symptoms associated |
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Definition
Functions: synthesis of collagen, DNA, bile, neurotransmitters, carnitine and hormones. Enhances iron absorption, regenerates oxidized vitamin E.
Sources= fruits and veggies. It is destroyed by heat and oxygen.
Toxicity: only supplements. Scurvy, anemia |
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Term
Vitamin Beta Carotene
a.Active forms
b.Absorption
c.Functions
d.Sources
e.Toxicity/Deficiency disorders/symptoms associated |
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Definition
| weak antioxidant, fights lipid oxidation in cell membranes, enhances immune system, protects skin from UV ray damage, protects eyes from damage,. Large consumption is not toxic. |
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Term
Vitamin A
a.Active forms
b.Absorption
c.Functions
d.Sources
e.Toxicity/Deficiency disorders/symptoms associated |
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Definition
active forms= retinol,retinal,retinoic acid.
Functions= antioxidant, scavenges free radicals and protects LDL from oxidation, essential for healthy vision. Cell differentiation, sperm production and fertilization, bone growth.
Sources: Animal, plants.
Highly toxic, mainly from supplements. Deficiency: night blindness, xeropthalmia, hyperkeratosis, and impaired immunity, failure of normal growth. |
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Term
| How are vitamins E and C regenerated? |
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Definition
| Vitamin C regenerates Vitamin E after it has been oxidized. |
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Term
| What is a retinal activity equivalent (RAE) and how much Vitamin A does it equal? |
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Definition
| RAE- Indicates how much active vitamin A is available to the bod after conversion. |
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Term
| What are the different classes and functions of phytochemicals? |
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Definition
Classes: Carotenoids, Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids, Phytoestrogens and Organosulfur compounds.
Functions: Reduce inflammation, Enhance enzyme activity, protect against cancer, protect against infections and reduce cardiovascular disease. |
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Term
| What are the different kinds of functional foods? |
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Definition
| Conventional food, fortified, enriched or enhanced foods. |
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Term
| What are the functions of PTH and where is it synthesized? |
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Definition
| stimulates the activation of Vitamin D. Synthesized by the parathyroid gland. |
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Term
| What are the functions of calcitonin and where is it synthesized? |
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Definition
| Prevent reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, limits calcium absorption in the intestines, and inhibits the osteoclasts from breaking down bone. Synthesized in the thyroid gland. |
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Term
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Definition
provides structure for bones and teeth. Assists with acid-base balance. Transmission of nerve impulses; assists in muscle contraction; maintains healthy blood pressure; initiates blood clotting; regulates hormones and enzymes.
Sources: milk, green leafy vegetables, fortified foods, fish.
Fatigue, appetite loss, constipation, mental confusion, calcium deposits in soft tissues, muscle spasms and convulsions are signs of calcium excess or deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates blood calcium levels, stimulates osteoclasts, required for bone calcification. Sources: pants animal foods, sun. too much=hypercalcemia. Not enough= loss of bone mass |
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Term
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Definition
| blood coagulation, Bone metabolism. Sources: green leafy veggies. Not enough?= reduced blood clotting, excessive bleeding. |
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Term
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Definition
Critical in bone formation, required for proper fluid balance, component of ATP, DNA, membranes.
Source: milk, meats, eggs.
Too much? Muscle spasms and convulsions.
Not enough occurs in alcohol abuse, premies, old people. |
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Term
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Definition
found in bone absorbed on the mineral part of bone, cofactor for over 300 enzyme stores, required for ATP, DNA and proteins, supports vitamin D metabolism, muscle contraction and blood clotting.
Sources: green leafy veggies, whole grains, seeds, nuts, seafood, beans, some dairy products.
Too much? Diarrhea, nausea, cramps, dehydration, acid base imbalances.
Not enough? Osteoporosis, heart disease, ^ BP, type 2 diabetes. |
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Term
| which cells are key to our immune function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nutrients are involved in blood health? |
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Definition
| iron zinc copper vit K folate B12 |
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