Term
| What is a domesticated animal? |
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Definition
| ancestors have undergone domestication process, and the animal is under direct human control |
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Term
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Definition
| familiar with humans, but not necessarily domestic |
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Term
|
Definition
| ancestors have undergone domestication process, but animal is living in a wild state |
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Term
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Definition
1. the process by which an animal procures & processes food & uses it for function of its internal metabolism
2. study of the nutrients in food & how they support growth, maintenance, production etc |
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Term
| What are the types of digestion? |
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Definition
mechanical
chemical
microbial |
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Term
True or False
Nutrients can be both inorganic & organic |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the nutrient groups? |
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Definition
O2
H2O
CHO
lipids
proteins
vitamins
minerals |
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Term
| What are the inorganic nutrients? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| water produced by the oxidation of nutrients |
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Term
| What are the pentose sugars? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the hexose sugars? |
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Definition
| glucose, fructose & galactose |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
True or False
Mono & disaccharides are soluble |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Polysaccharides are soluble |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some examples of plant & animal sourced carbohydrates? |
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Definition
Plant
-starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, nucleic acids
Animal
-glycogen, nucleic acids RNA & DNA |
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Term
| What AA is found in relatively high amounts in keratin |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Give some examples of sources of plant proteins |
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Definition
| seeds & enzymes within the plant cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 FA + glycerol + phosphate |
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Term
| How many carbon atoms are there, and how many double bonds in 18:2n-6? Where are the double bonds? |
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Definition
18C, 2 double bonds
-the first double bond is at the 6th carbon from the CH3 end of the FA |
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Term
| As the number of carbons increases, the melting point & solubility of a FA..... |
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Definition
Melting point increases
Solubility decreases |
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Term
| As the number of double bonds of a FA increases, melting point.... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What types of fats are typically stored in adipose tissue? |
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Definition
| long-chain triglycerides & saturated fatty acids |
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Term
| What types of fats are typically stored in seeds & nuts? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are carbohydrates stored in animals? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the ratio for grams of glycogen stored to grams of water, in muscle? |
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Definition
| 1g gycogen for every 3-4g of water |
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Term
| What are the essential amino acids? |
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Definition
Phe
Arg
Met
His
Val
Iso
Leu
Lys
Trp
Thr |
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Term
| What are the essential fatty acids? |
|
Definition
linoleic (n6)
alpha-linolenic (n3)
arachidonic & eicosopentaenoic acid for obligate carnivores (e.g. cats) |
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Term
True or False
Vitamins are used as structural components for animals |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why is Vit A essential for cats but not dogs? |
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Definition
| dogs can use beta-carotene to produce vit A, cats cannot |
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Term
VITAMIN A
Also called...
What are some sources?
What is it used for?
Where is it stored?
What are results of deficiency? |
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Definition
AKA retinol/retinal
Sources: liver, fish oil, B-carotene in orange/yellow plants
For: cell synthesis, vision
Stored: in liver
Deficiency: night blindness |
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Term
VITAMIN D
Also called...
What are some sources?
What is it used for?
Where is it stored?
What are results of deficiency? |
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Definition
Also called ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3)
Sources: sunlight, fish oil
Used for: Ca & P deposition & resorption, bone/teeth
Stored: in liver, fat
Deficiency: ricketts, osteomalacia |
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Term
VITAMIN E
Also called...
What are some sources?
What is it used for?
Where is it stored?
What are results of deficiency? |
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Definition
AKA alpha-tocopherol
For: antioxidant, preventing peroxidation of FAs in lipid membrane
Stored: in fat
Sources: dont know
Deficiency: nutritional muscular dystrophy |
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Term
VITAMIN K
Also called...
What are some sources?
What is it used for?
Where is it stored?
What are results of deficiency? |
|
Definition
K1 = phylloquinone (in dark plants)
K2 menaquinone (from gut bacteria)
K3 menadione (synthetic, or from gut bacteria)
For: blood clotting
Stored: minmal storage
Deficiency: reduced clotting ability |
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Term
| True or False Vit D2 is essential for amphibians, birds & reptiles |
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Definition
| False D3 is, they cannot use D2 to make D3 |
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Term
B1 is also known as what?
What is used for?
A deficiency will result in what? |
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Definition
AKA thiamine
used in co-enzyme TPP
beriberi disease |
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|
Term
B2 is also known as what?
What is used for?
A deficiency will result in what? |
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Definition
AKA riboflavin
used in FAD/FMN
deficiency - ??? |
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Term
| What vitamin acts alongside coenzyme A? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| A deficiency of what vitamin will result in dermatitis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| A deficiency of what vitamin will result in pallegra? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
B6 is also known as what?
What is it used for?
A deficiency will result in what? |
|
Definition
AKA pyridoxine
Used as a cofactor & in AA metabolism |
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|
Term
B12 is used for what?
A deficiency will result in what? |
|
Definition
co-enzyme & in RBC synthesis
-pernicious anemia |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is folic acid used for?
A deficiency will result in what? |
|
Definition
co-enzyme & RNA/DNA synthesis
-anemia |
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Term
| For which animals is Vit C essential? |
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Definition
invertebrates, fish, primates, bats, whales, guinea pigs
NOT essential for reptiles, amphibians & most birds |
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Term
| Vit C is also known as.... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is choline used for? |
|
Definition
| structure of cell membranes, exporting lipids from liver |
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Term
| What animals require choline & inositol? What will result from a deficiency? |
|
Definition
rats & mice
-will develop fatty liver disease |
|
|
Term
True or False
Plants can synthesize minerals |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the macrominerals? How do we measure them? |
|
Definition
Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S
mg/g DM |
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Term
| What are the microminerals? How do we measure them? |
|
Definition
Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo, I, Se, Fl, Cr, Co
ug/g DM |
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Term
| When might a deficiency of ultratrace minerals occur? |
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Definition
| when animals consume a highly purified diet in a dust-free environment |
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Term
| What are the top to major mineral constituents of the animal body |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the optimal Ca:P ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones, teeth, nerves, muscle function |
|
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Term
| What is the main cation in body fluids? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main anion in body fluids? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main intracellular cation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What macromineral is involved with insulin production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major micromineral in animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geophagia may indicate.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haemoglobin & melanin formation |
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Term
| When might a conditioned Cu deficiency occur? |
|
Definition
| if Mo is present in excess in the diet |
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|
Term
| When might a conditioned Zn deficiency occur? |
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Definition
| if Ca is present in excess in the diet |
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA synthesis, feather pigmentation |
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Term
|
Definition
| cartilage matrix of bones, energy metabolism cofactor |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ruminants, some foregut fermentors |
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Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of B12 made by bacteria in gut |
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Term
| Which has a more complex digestive system, herbivores or carnivores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
A wild carnivore has difficulty obtaining adequate level of all nutrients |
|
Definition
false
-if they have enough energy their diet is typically well balanced |
|
|
Term
Place the following in the correct sequence
iluem
jejunom
duodenum |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the typical pH of the stomach & small intestine in carnivores/omnivores |
|
Definition
Stomach: 1.6-4
Small Intestine: 5.2-7.5 |
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Term
| What is the major component of all plant food? What is the challenge? |
|
Definition
cell walls (cellulose & hemicellulose)
-lack of enzymes to digest these
-some microbial enzymes can digest cellulose/hemi, but no lignin |
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Term
| What is the solution to herbivores' lack of enzymes to digest plant material? |
|
Definition
-enlarged gut space to allow for microbial fermentation
-digests cellulose & hemicellulose, produces VFAs for energy source |
|
|
Term
| What are the regions for digestion of plant cell walls in herbivores? |
|
Definition
1. Pregastric (forestomach compartments)
2. Postgastric (caecum)
3. Postgastric (colon) |
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Term
| What are the products synthesized by gut bacteria of herbivores? (4) |
|
Definition
-all essential AAs
-all B vitamins
-Vit K
-VFAs |
|
|
Term
| What are the VFAs produced by anaerobic fermentation? |
|
Definition
acetic acid
propionic acid
butyric acid |
|
|
Term
| Aside from fermentation of plant material, what other role do gut bacteria play? |
|
Definition
-detoxify plant toxins
-hydrogenate/saturate EFAs into Stearic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belching, releasing gases produced by bacteria in the rumen |
|
|
Term
| What is the true stomach of foregut fermenters such as cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following do camels have?
rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pH of the reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does fermentation occur in smaller herbivores such as hamsters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does fermentation occur in larger herbivores such as the rhino or elephant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pH of the colon in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the issue with post-gastric fermentation? |
|
Definition
lose the benefits of vitamins produced by bacteria, and their detoxifying abilities
-can still absorb VFAs thought |
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Term
| What is the difference between caprophagy and caecotrophy? |
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Definition
| caecotrophy is more selective, ingesting nutritious, soft, moist faeces only (not the hard, dry feces) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reticulum, rumen, caecum, colon |
|
|
Term
| What is the major site of nutrient absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unusual about the nutrient requirements of the rabbit? |
|
Definition
-Ca absorption from the gut & blood Ca levels are not well regulated
-normally Ca excess in the blood would be secreted into bile, excreted in feces
-uptake would be regulated by Vit D & hormones
-rabbits have Ca in blood proportional to Ca in the diet
-excess Ca is excreted in the urine (CaCO3) |
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