Term
| What is meant by energy balance? |
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Definition
| it is the amount of energy consumed in the diet compared with the amount expended by the body over a given period. |
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Term
| What are the consequences of changing the balance between energy intake and output? |
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Definition
-what you weigh is a balance between how much you consume and expend
-intake = output (equilibrium)-> weight maintenance
-intake > output (positive balance)-> weight gain
-Intake < output (negative balance)-> weight loss |
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Term
| What is a bomb calorimeter? What does it measure? |
|
Definition
-an instrument used to determine the energy content of food.
-measures the heat released when dried food is combusted
-when dried food is combusted inside the chamber of a bomb calorimeter, the rise in temperature of the surrounding water can be used to determine the energy content of the food
-Carbs: 4kcal/g, Protein: 4kcal/g, Alcohol: 7kcal/g, Fat: 9kcal/g |
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Term
| Energy estimation of carbs, protein, alcohol and fat |
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Definition
Carbs: 4kcal/g
Protein: 4kcal/g
Alcohol: 7kcal/g
Fat: 9kcal/g |
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Term
| direct calorimetry and example techniques |
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Definition
-Direct calorimetry: a method of determining energy use that measures the amount of heat produced
-via Room calorimeter (measures heat production which correlates w/ATP use;very expensive
-bomb calorimeter |
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Term
| indirect calorimetry,examples of measurement techniques |
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Definition
Indirect calorimetry: a method of estimating energy use that compares the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of CO2 expired
-gas exchange (O2 consumption and CO2 production; correlates with energy metabolism) |
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Term
| What is considered the “gold standard” method for measuring energy expenditure and why? |
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Definition
Gold standard: doubly-labeled water technique; method used for measuring energy expenditure based on measuring the disappearance of isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in body fluids after consumption of a defined amount of water labeled w/both isotopes
-why: it is the preferred method for determining total daily energy expenditure because it doesn’t require the individual to carry any equipment and can be used to measure energy expenditure for up to two weeks. |
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Term
| What the components of energy expenditure |
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Definition
| Total Energy Expenditure = resting energy expenditure + physical activity + Thermic effect of food (TEE = REE + PA + TEF) |
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Term
|
Definition
Total energy expenditure
the sum of the energy used for basal metabolism, activity, processing food, deposition of new tissue and production of milk
TEE = REE + PA + TEF |
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Term
|
Definition
Resting Energy Expenditure
estimate of basal metabolism determined by measuring energy utilization after 5-6hrs without food or exercise
REE= weight(kg) x Constant(0.9females, 1.0males) x 24
REE=_____kcal/day |
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Term
|
Definition
Physical Activity
energy for any activity beyond rest; non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) are regular day-to-day activities
PA= (activity level given as %) x REE
PA=____kcal/day
ex:PA = 45% of REE
REE = 1224 kcal/day
PA = 0.45 1224 kcal/day = 551 kcal/day
PA = 551 kcal/day |
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Term
|
Definition
Thermal Effect of Food (kcal/day)
the energy required for the digestion of food and the absorption, metabolism, and storage of nutrients; 40% of daily expenditure
TEF = 10% of REE + PA |
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Term
| What factors(increasing/decreasing) affect metabolic rate |
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Definition
Increasing: weight, body size, temp, fever, stress, caffeine, smoking, muscle mass, growth, and pregnancy.
Decreasing: aging,female gender, fasting/starvations, sleep |
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Term
| Influencing factors of physical activity |
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Definition
| physical activity: depends on how strenuous the activity is and length of time performed |
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Term
| What factors influence the TEF |
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Definition
TEF: varies depending on amounts and types of nutrients consumed
-TEF increases with size of meal
-high in fat = low TEF
-high protein/carb = higher TEF |
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Term
| In general what factors influence the energy requirements |
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Definition
| In general gender, age, height, weight and physical activity effect energy requirements |
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Term
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Definition
weight(lb)/2.2 = weight(kg)
ex: 125lb/2.2 = 57kg |
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Term
| Estimate of REE (males and females) |
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Definition
Estimate of REE:
males = 1.0 kcal/kg/hr
females = 0.9 kcal/kg/hr
REE= weight(kg) x Constant(0.9females, 1.0males) x 24
REE=_____kcal/day |
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Term
|
Definition
one of the internal signals that stimulate one to acquire and consume food
Hunger: physiological drive to eat (hunger is not under voluntary control)
-hormonal and nervous system signals = chemical triggers in the brain
-various triggers: presence/absence of nutrients, size/composition of last meal,regular eating patterns, environment/activity, hormones/health
-hunger affects food intake over short-term |
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Term
|
Definition
the desire to consume specific foods that is independent of hunger
-psychological desire to eat: food specific, absence of hunger, can override signals of satiety
*Hunger is physiological, beyond control. Appetite is psychological, voluntary control. |
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Term
|
Definition
the feeling of fullness and satisfaction, caused by food consumption that eliminates the desire to eat
-physiologic signals that determine when you feel hungry again
-satiety affects food intake over short-term |
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Term
|
Definition
“stop eating” signal
-develops during meal
-stomach distention
-energy density of meal: fat vs fiber; protein is most satiating |
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Term
| Describe the role of the hypothalamus in regulating food intake. |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus: integrates nervous system and hormone signals, can increase or decrease appetite, satiety factors sent to hypothalamus |
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Term
| What hormones are involved in food intake regulation? |
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Definition
-stimulate appetite and feeding: ghrelin (stomach) and Insulin (pancreas)
-reduce appetite and feeding: leptin (adipose tissue), peptide YY (PYY, GI tract), cholecystokinin (CKK, intestine) |
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Term
| How do the "eating behavior" hormones work |
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Definition
-Insulin: released by the pancreas in response to the intake of carbs, insulin allows glucose to be taken up by cells; glucose levels go down and hunger increases
-Ghrelin: produced by the stomach and believed to stimulate the desire to eat meals at usual times. Overproduction can lead to obesity
-Cholecystokinin: released when chime enters small intestine, causes us to stop eating by inducing satiety
-Peptide PYY: causes reduction in appetite, released from GI tract after a meal;amount is proportional to kcal content of a meal
-Leptin: protein hormone produced by adipocytes that signals info about the amount of body fat. Inulin levels affect the amount of leptin produced/secreted |
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Term
| What is resting metabolic rate? How is it measured? |
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Definition
-Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR): term used when an estimate of basal metabolism is determined by measuring energy utilization after 5-6hrs w/o food or exercise
-It is measured in the morning, in a warm room before subject rises, collect expired gases by having subject breathe into a hood
-measured in kcals per unit time (kcal/hr or kcal/day) |
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Term
| What factors increase RMR? |
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Definition
| Factors that increase RMR: total body weight, caffeine, large body surface area, smoking, hot/cold temp, muscle mass, fever, rapid growth, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, stress, and lactation. |
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Term
| What factors decrease RMR? |
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Definition
| Factors that decrease RMR: aging, female gender, fasting/starvation, hypothyroidism, and sleep. |
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Term
| How is body composition measured? what are the normal body fat ranges for males and females |
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Definition
Body composition is the relative amounts of lean and fat tissues
-normal body fat:
males = 13-21%
females = 23-31% |
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Term
| What are the body composition measurement techniques |
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Definition
1. Hydrostatic weighing
2. Air displacement
3. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
4. Skinfold thickness
5. Bioelectrical impedance (most common) |
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Term
|
Definition
Body composition measurement:
Hydrostatic weighing: weight in air, weight under water, water displaced; body composition and body fat can be calculated |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Body composition measurement:
Air displacement: bod pod; person placed in air-filled chamber and air displacement is measured |
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Term
| Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) |
|
Definition
Body composition measurement:
Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA): particularly useful for measuring the amount of visceral fat. DEXA uses low-energy x-rays for assessing body composition. Determines total body mass, muscle mass, fat, and bone mass. |
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Term
|
Definition
Body composition measurement:
Skinfold thickness: measurement of subcutaneous fat used to estimate total body fat. Measure skinfold thickness at various locations w/ calipers. Typical areas: triceps, subscapular
-widely available
-less accurate in obese
-more operator error |
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Term
|
Definition
Body composition measurement:
Bioelectrical impedance: a technique for estimating body composition that measures body fat by directing a low-energy electric current through the body and calculating resistance to flow
-most popular way to measure body composition
-resistance to current is inversely proportional to fat-free mass
-uses electrodes |
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Term
| What is BMI? how is it calculated? |
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Definition
BMI: a measure of body weight in relation to height that is used to compare body size w/ a standard
BMI = (weight in kg)/(height in m)^2 |
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Term
| BMI values (kg/m2) that are used to define underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. |
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Definition
Underweight: BMI < 18.5
Normal weight: BMI 18.5-24.9
Overweight: BMI 25-29.9
Obese: BMI > 30
-Difficult to use BMI at extreme end of physical activity
-Better measure is body composition |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What health risks are associated with obesity? |
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Definition
Consequences of obesity: increases risk for diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, and gallbladder disease
Health risks associated with excess body weight:
-cardiovascular disease (blood pressure and triglycerides increase; high LDL, low LDL)
-Type 2 diabetes
-respiratory problems: sleep apnea, worsened asthma
-gallbladder disease
-osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease
-menstrual irregularities
-cancer (increase risk of endometrium, breast, cervix, and ovaries cancer for women. Increase risk for colorectal and prostate cancer for men |
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Term
| What health risks are associated with underweight? |
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Definition
Underweight health implications:
-increased risk of early death (decreased fat for reserve for periods of illness)
-decreased immune system
-affects electrolyte balance
-can delay sexual development in adolescence
-increase risk of issues w/baby during pregnancy
-elderly: malnutrition |
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Term
| What factors contribute to weight gain and obesity? |
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Definition
Weight gain/obesity:
-genetic predisposition
-thrifty metabolism (conserves energy, leads to obesity)
-obesity genes: genes that code for proteins involved in regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, or deposition of body fat. Abnormality = obese
-sedentary lifestyle
-high fat diet
-excess energy intake |
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Term
| What factors contribute to weight loss and underweight? |
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Definition
Underweight:
-genetics
-illness
-eating disorders
-drug or alcohol addiction |
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Term
| dietary strategies that are appropriate for achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight. |
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Definition
Appropriate dietary strategies:
-watch your serving size
-diet that meets nutrient needs w/variety
-cut down on high calorie foods
-promotes reasonable weight loss
-don’t get too hungry
-physical activity
-exercise more if you eat more
-no costly supplements
-sustainable
-promotes change in behavior |
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Term
| Inappropriate dietary strategies: |
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Definition
-prepared meals and drinks
-diet drinks
-diets that promote rapid weight loss
-very low kcal diet
-supplements
-low-carb diet |
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Term
| What is the role of behavior modification in maintaining a healthy body weight |
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Definition
Behavior modification:
-to manage weight at healthy level over long-term, behavior must be modified
-awareness of patterns
-small, but sustainable changes
-support from others
-essential for maintenance |
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Term
| What is the role of physical activity in maintaining a healthy body weight |
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Definition
-exercise promotes fat loss and weight maintenance.
-Promotes muscle development and increased metabolism
-increases energy output
-maintains lean tissue
-important for weight maintenance |
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Term
| Describe the success rates of most diets for long-term weight control. What measures improve success? Why are success rates generally so low? |
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Definition
Dieting success rates:
-less than 10% will maintain loss long-term
-exercise, support and self-monitoring will improve success
-weight cycling refers to the loss and regain of weight. People diet and lose weight, once they have lost weight they return to former eating habits, which leads to weight gain |
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Term
| Effective weight loss strategies |
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Definition
-life-long eating plan for good health
-nutritionally adequate eating
-reasonable expectations
-regular physical activity
-permanent lifestyle changes |
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Term
| Long-term weight management |
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Definition
-promote healthy lifestyle
-increase activity and gradually decrease fat intake
-promote body satisfaction
-promote achievement of realistic and attainable health goals
-accept/be sensitive to size diversity |
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Term
| What are the signs of a “fad” diet? |
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Definition
-unbalanced diet patterns (limits food selection to a few food groups or promotes rituals; limits nutrients and variety)
-very low kcals
-irrational instructions and restrictions (may require purchase of special foods, patches, supplements, etc.)
-outrageous claims and promises (promotes rapid weight loss, doesn’t recommend changes in activity and eating habits, recommends eating pattern that is difficult to follow for life, provides little social support) |
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Term
| Why are fad diets ineffective in promoting long-term weight control? |
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Definition
promotes rapid weight loss, doesn’t recommend changes in activity and eating habits, recommends eating pattern that is difficult to follow for life, provides little social support
fad diets promote quick fix but don’t promote successful long-term weight management
As soon as you stop taking pills, eating special meals or change the diet at all you regain weight lost |
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Term
| What are the components of a good diet program |
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Definition
| Good program: based on nutrition and exercise principles, suits individual food preferences, promotes long-term lifestyle changes, meets needs in terms of cost, convenience and the commitment |
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Term
| What drugs and supplements have been used in the treatment of obesity? |
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Definition
Drugs and supplements
-diuretics; increase urine production
-appetite suppressants; often contain caffeine
-Xenical (Rx): reduces fat absorption
-Merdia (Rx): affects appetite
-Alli: blocks fat absorption, inhibits pancreatic lipase
-herbal products – no proof of effectiveness
*In drugs and supplements, success is normal for long-term because once they are not consumed, people regain any weight loss |
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Term
| What surgical interventions have been used in the treatment of obesity? |
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Definition
Severe obesity only (BMI > 40)
-Gastric banding
-Gastric bypass (most common)
-Liposuction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Gastric banding: an adjustable band places around the upper portion of the stomach to limit the volume the stomach can hold |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gastric bypass (most common): reduces the size of the stomach and bypasses a portion of the small intestine (some weight gain is common after 2-5 years) |
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Term
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Definition
| Liposuction: suctions out adipose tissue from under the skin; used to decrease size of fat deposits (abdomen & hips). Only reduces the amount of fat in specific locations |
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Term
| Surgeries and long-term weight management |
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Definition
| -50-80% maintain weight loss for at least 5 years |
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Term
|
Definition
| eating disorder characterized by self-starvation, distorted body image, and below normal weight |
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Term
| Diagnostic Criteria of Anorexia |
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Definition
-refusal to maintain body weight above minimal level (body weight < 85% expected weight or BMI
-intense fear of weight gain or becoming fat (even though underweight)
-disturbance in body image
-amenorrhea (absence of at least 3 menstrual cycles)
-Restricting type: person does not engage in binge eating or purging behaviors
-Binge/Purge type: person regularly engages in binge eating or purging behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
-Restricting type: person does not engage in binge eating or purging behaviors
-Binge/Purge type: person regularly engages in binge eating or purging behaviors |
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Term
| Warning signs of anorexia |
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Definition
-loss of significant amount of weight
-dieting although already thin
-feeling fat even after loosing weight
-fear of weight gain
-amenorrhea
-preoccupation with food, calories, cooking, and nutrition
-eating in isolation
-compulsive exercise
-binging and purging |
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Term
|
Definition
-individual choice for recovery
-multifaceted treatment: psychological therapy, nutritional therapy, and medical therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
Bulimia Nervosa
-eating disorder characterized by the consumption of large amounts of food at one time (binge eating), followed by purging behaviors (vomiting and laxatives)
*purging at least twice a week for three months |
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Term
| Diagnostic Criteria: Bulimia Nervosa |
|
Definition
-recurrent binge eating (at least 2x per week for 3 months)
-lack of control
-recurrent compensatory behavior
-purging = vomiting, laxative or diuretic abuse
-non-purging = fasting, excess exercise
-over-concern with body shape and weight
-absence of anorexia nervosa (they consume a "normal" diet) |
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Term
|
Definition
-purging = vomiting, laxative or diuretic abuse
-non-purging = fasting, excess exercise |
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Term
| Warning signs of Bulimia Nervosa |
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Definition
-binging or eating uncontrollably
-compensations for binges by strict dieting, fasting, vigorous exercise, vomiting or abusing laxatives or diuretics in an attempt to lose weight
-using the bathroom frequently after meals
-preoccupation with body weight
-depression or mood swings
-irregular menstrual periods
-dental problems, swollen cheeks or glands, heartburn or bloating
-personal or family problems with drugs or alcohol
*most issues associated with bulimia are caused by purging |
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Term
| Treatment Bulimia Nervosa |
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Definition
-may continue behavior for years in secret
-more likely to admit problem (unlike anorexics, they know behaviors are unhealthy)
-multifaceted treatment approach
-address medical complications/stabilize condition
-restore nutritional status
-therapy: psychological, nutritional, family
-possible use of antidepressant medications |
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Term
|
Definition
recurrent episodes of binge eating in the absence of purging
(at least twice a week for 6 months) |
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Term
| Diagnostic Criteria of Binge Eating |
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Definition
-recurrent binge eating, lack of control
- 2 binges/wk for 6 months
-not anorexic or bulimic (don’t purge; eat a normal diet)
- 2-5% general population
- 30% of those in weight loss programs
-began dieting young; unsuccessful
-clinical depression is common
-eating: until uncomfortably full; large amounts when not hungry, more rapidly than normal, alone because of embarrassment |
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Term
| Warning Signs of Binge Eating |
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Definition
-episodes of binge eating
-eating when not physically hungry
-frequent dieting
-feeling unable to stop eating voluntarily
-awareness that eating problems are abnormal
-weight fluctuations
-depressed mood
-attribution of social and professional successes and failures to weight |
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Term
| Treatment of Binge Eating |
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Definition
-psychological therapy
-long-term support
-possible use of antidepressant medications
*all three (anorexia, bulimia, binge eating) have food restriction and low self-esteem but binge eating doesn’t involve purging |
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Term
| Physiologic Side Effects of Anorexia |
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Definition
-slower metabolism
-possible anemia
-lower energy
-muscle damage, kidney and heart disease
-lowered body temp
-lanugo (like peach fuzz all over body)
-slowed heart rate
-amenorrhea/irregular menstruation
-dizziness, light-headedness, and/or fainting
-mild fluid accumulation (edema)
-death |
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Term
| Physiologic Side Effects of Bulimia |
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Definition
-dizziness, light-headedness, and/or fainting
-electrolyte imbalances
-erosion of tooth enamel
-anemia
-esophageal problems
-GI dysfunction
-death
*most problems associated with bulimia result from purging |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to perform routine physical activity without undue fatigue |
|
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Term
| Benefits of physical activity |
|
Definition
•Better sleep
•Optimal body composition
•Muscle, fat, bone
•Nutritional health
•Resistance to colds
•Decrease disease risk
•Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes
•Slow aging
•Psychological well-being
•Weight management |
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Term
|
Definition
Creatine Phosphate-ATP (CP-ATP)
-creatine phosphate = organic compound in muscle that can be broken down quickly to make ATP
-during the first 15sec of exercise, once ATP is used creatine phosphate is used to replenish ATP supply and allow activity to continue (CP donates phosphate to ADP-->ATP)
-used in high-intensity, short-duration activities = 10 sec max sprint |
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Term
| Lactic Acid Energy System |
|
Definition
-Follows stored ATP/CP depletion
-anaerobic metabolism of glucose (anaerobic metabolism = metabolism in the absence of oxygen. Each molecule of glucose makes 2 ATP)
-Pyruvate --> lactic acid (converted to glucose in the liver)
-small amounts of ATP released (only maintained 1-3 mins) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-complete metabolic pathways
-aerobic (oxygen required); lungs and circulatory system keep up with O2 demand
-fuel sources: fatty acids & carbohydrates |
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Term
| What factors determine which energy system is used in different types of exercise? |
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Definition
| length and intensity determine fuel system |
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Term
| Fuel systems for Extremely intense exercise: 8-10secs |
|
Definition
-uses stored ATP
-CP-ATP (immediately available); no oxygen needed (anaerobic)
-example: 100 yard dash, shot put |
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Term
| Fuel systems for Very highly intense activity: 20sec-3min |
|
Definition
-ATP from carbohydrate --> lactic acid
-no oxygen needed (anaerobic)
-accumulates in higher intensity
-Example: ¼ mile run at max speed |
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Term
| Fuel systems for Highly Intense activity: 3-20min |
|
Definition
-ATP from carbohydrates
-oxygen needed (aerobic)
-duration depends on glycogen storage
-used faster with increased intensity
-full carbohydrate depletion halts ability to continue exercise
-Example: cycling, swimming, running |
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Term
| Fuel systems for Moderately intense activity: >20min |
|
Definition
-ATP from fat
-oxygen needed (aerobic)
-some carbohydrate still used
-Example: hiking |
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Term
| What is carbohydrate loading |
|
Definition
carbohydrate loading: glycogen supercompensation = a regimen designed to maximize muscle glycogen stores before an athletic event.
Procedures:
-maximize muscle glycogen storage
- 60-70% of kcalories as carbohydrates
-replace carbohydrates and protein after exercise (15-2hrs)
-reduced exercise intensity prior to competition
-moderate activities use glycogen slowly
-intense activities use glycogen quickly
*Muscle glycogen levels can be increased by a combination of rest and a very high-carbohydrate diet.
*Glycogen provides a source of stored glucose. Larger glycogen stores allow exercise to continue for longer periods. |
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Term
| Advantages/Disadvantages of carb loading(glycogen-supercompensation) |
|
Definition
-Advantages:
-increases glucose reserve
-extends the duration of higher intensity activity 90min+
-Disadvantages:
-added water weight
-no benefit for short-duration activities |
|
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Term
| How does exercise influence needs for Protein |
|
Definition
Adequate Protein:
-muscle repair, maintenance, growth (esp. after exercise)
-athlete’s needs > adult RDA
- 1.0- 1.2 – 2 g/kg
-usually met by diet if energy adequate (supplements usually not necessary) |
|
|
Term
| How does exercise influence needs for B Vitamins (Niacin, Thiamin, Riboflavin, B6) |
|
Definition
-needed for energy metabolism
-adequate amounts if adequate energy (normal diet = no supplements necessary)
-some evidence of increased need |
|
|
Term
| How does exercise influence needs for Iron |
|
Definition
-necessary for energy metabolism
-athletes need about 30% more than normal! |
|
|
Term
| How does exercise influence needs for Water |
|
Definition
Anyone who is physically active needs more water
-water loss during exercise
-lose more water than electrolytes
-losses increase with heat, humidity
-thirst unreliable indicator of loss (you become thirsty after you’re already dehydrated)
-critical for athletes to maintain water (losing water decreases performance) |
|
|
Term
| Why are some athletes likely to develop iron-deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
Iron-deficiency Anemia (most common in athletes):
-athletes have higher needs and losses of iron
-women are more susceptible than men because woman lose more iron than men
-oxygen carrying capacity of blood is decreased because there is insufficient iron to make hemoglobin. RBC are small/pale and hemoglobin concentration is below normal |
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Term
|
Definition
-temporary decrease in hemoglobin concentration that occurs during exercise training. Occurs as an adaptation to training in which expanded plasma volume dilutes red blood cells; it does not impair delivery of oxygen to tissues
-temporary
-low hemoglobin levels
-adaptive response to training |
|
|
Term
| importance of hydration during training |
|
Definition
-During exercise, water is needed to eliminate heat and to transport oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and waste products away from the muscles
-if heat cannot be lost, body temp increases and exercise performance and health can be jeopardized
-dehydration is when water loss is large enough for blood volume to decrease (can’t deliver O2 to muscles) |
|
|
Term
| recommendations to maintain fluid balance during exercise. |
|
Definition
-fluids before, during, after exercise
-anyone exercising should consume extra fluids
-before exercise: consume about 2 cups at least four hours before exercise
-during exercise: 6-12oz every 15-20min
-plain water for exercise 60min or less
-fluid containing carbohydrates for exercise > 60min
-fluid w/electrolytes for exercise > 90min |
|
|
Term
| components of a healthful diet for athletic performance |
|
Definition
-glycogen supercompensation (carb-loading) is beneficial to endurance athletes exercising for > 90mins
-before exercise: meal should max glycogen stores, provide hydration, minimize hunger and any undigested food in stomach that can lead to distress
-during exercise: fluid intake
-plain water for exercise 60min or less
-fluid containing CHO for exercise > 60min
-fluid w/electrolytes for exercise > 90min
-after exercise: meal needs to replace fluid, electrolytes, glycogen and provide a amino acids for muscle protein synthesis
-typical diet (w/ 55% as carbs) is good enough for anyone just going to the gym 30-60min |
|
|
Term
| What special problems do female athletes face? |
|
Definition
The Female Athlete Triad (Amenorrhea, osteoporosis, disordered eating)
-disordered eating habits can develop
-desire to improve performance
-enhance aesthetic appeal of their performance
-meet unsustainable weight standards |
|
|
Term
| How do the componentents of the female athlete triad relate to one another |
|
Definition
| energy restriction combined with exercise contributes to a drop in estrogen levels, which causes amenorrhea. Low estrogen levels affects calcium homeostasis in the bone and reduces calcium absorption in the intestines, leading to low peak bone mass, premature bone loss, and increases risk of stress fractures |
|
|
Term
| Risks of intense training in Women |
|
Definition
-menstrual irregularities
-associated with low body fat, low estrogen levels
-increased bone loss
-low estrogen leads to bone loss
-risk for stress fractures
-associated with amenorrhea and eating disorders |
|
|
Term
| Explain how food in the stomach affects alcohol absorption. |
|
Definition
-alcohol is absorbed by diffusion mostly in the duodenum and jujenum of small intestine
-significant amounts can be absorbed directly from stomach
-if there is food in the stomach, absorption is slowed because the stomach contents dilute the alcohol, reducing the amount in direct contact with stomach wall
-food slows alcohol absorption because it slows stomach emptying and therefore decreases the rate at which alcohol enters the small intestine, where absorption is most rapid
-the more food people eat before drinking, the lower their blood alcohol level will be |
|
|
Term
| how is alcohol eliminated in the body |
|
Definition
-about 90% metabolized by the liver (given priority; broken down before carbs, proteins, or fats)
- 5% is excreted into the urine
-remainder is eliminated via the lungs (predictable/reliable; used for measuring blood alcohol level: breathalyzer) |
|
|
Term
| Metabolism of alcohol via ADH |
|
Definition
-Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH): an enzyme found primarily in the liver and stomach that helps break down alcohol into acetaldehyde, which is then converted to Acetyl-CoA
-occurs in the cytosol of cells, is used to break down small amounts of alcohol
-ADH converts alcohol into acetaldehyde (a toxic compound that is degraded by the mitochondrial enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate that forms CoA
-this process slows the citric acid cycle. Acetyl-CoA from alcohol breakdown is used to synthesize fatty acids that accumulate in the liver |
|
|
Term
| Metabolism of alcohol via Microsomal Ethanol-Oxidizing System (MEOS) |
|
Definition
Microsomal Ethanol-Oxidizing System (MEOS): a liver enzyme system located in microsomes that converts alcohol to acetaldehyde.
-activity increases with increase in alcohol consumption
-important for breaking down large amounts of alcohol (ADH breakdown is constant, MEOS activity increases as more alcohol is consumed)
-Alcohol is also metabolized by colonic bacteria (ADH yields acetaldehyde) |
|
|
Term
| Explain why alcohol increases fatty acid synthesis. |
|
Definition
Alcohol metabolism by ADH promotes fat synthesis
-acetyl CoA molecules are blocked from getting into TCA cycle, instead of being used for energy, the acetyl CoA molecules become building blocks for fatty acids
-“beer” belly |
|
|
Term
| Describe the short-term effects of alcohol intoxication. |
|
Definition
-Short-term Effects: interferes with organ function (CNS, breathing, heart rate)
-occurs when intake exceeds breakdown capacity
-acts as depressant in brain; impaired mental and physical abilities
-impaired judgment, affects reasoning, altered mood, relaxed inhibitions, increased heart rate
-impaired coordination, delayed reaction time, impaired peripheral vision
-unrestrained behavior, slurred speech, blurred vision, staggered gait
-double vision, inability to walk, lethargy
-unconsciousness, shock, coma, death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alcohol poisoning: when the quantity of alcohol consumed exceeds an individual’s tolerance for alcohol and impairs mental and physical abilities |
|
|
Term
| Explain why chronic, excessive alcohol consumption can lead to malnutrition. |
|
Definition
-Alcohol replaces more nutrient-dense energy sources in the diet, reducing overall nutrient intake
-Interferes with nutrient absorption; causes inflammation of stomach, pancreas, and intestine, which impairs digestion and absorption
-Decreases overall nutrient intake
-interferes with nutrient absorption, storage, metabolism, excretion
-leads to vitamin B6, folate, and thiamin deficiencies
-wernicke-korsakoff syndrome (thiamin deficiency)
-Increases kcal intake, is deposited as fat, increases blood pressure, risk of heart disease and diabetes |
|
|
Term
| long-term effects of alcohol on the liver |
|
Definition
-liver damage from malnutrition and toxic effects of alcohol
-metabolism via ADH leads to fat accumulation in the liver
-MEOS generates free radicals
-Both ADH and MEOS form acetaldehyde, which causes liver damage; fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis (inflammation of liver), and cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| Describe how moderate alcohol intake reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. |
|
Definition
Moderate drinking(no more than 1 drink for women and 2 drinks for men, per day):
-increases HDL
-decreases LDL oxidations
-lowers blood clotting (reduces levels of fibrogen; decrease risk of heart disease)
-platelet aggregation
-homocysteine
-cell aggregation
*
-lowest mortality
-reduced risk for heart disease and stroke, especially with a combination of alcohol and phytochemicals (red wine) |
|
|
Term
| List three things you could do to reduce the chances of becoming intoxicated while drinking alcoholic beverages |
|
Definition
-consume slowly, no more than one drink every 1.5hrs
-sipping, not gulping, allows the liver time to break down the alcohol that has already been consumed
-alternating nonalcoholic and alcoholic drinks will also slow down the rate of alcohol intake and prevent dehydration
-consuming alcohol with meals slows its absorption and may also enhance its protective effects on CV system
-Drink in moderation, slowly, and w/meals |
|
|
Term
| Which nutrients yield energy and how much energy do they yield per gram? |
|
Definition
Energy Yielding Macronutrients:
-carbohydrates = 4kcal/g
-protein = 4kcal/g
-lipid = 9kcal/g |
|
|
Term
| AMDR for carbohydrate, added sugar, fat and protein |
|
Definition
Carbohydrate: 45-65%
Added Sugar: <25%
Fat: 20-35%
Protein: 10-35% |
|
|
Term
| five food groups in the Food Guide Pyramid, identify several foods typical of each group, and know the recommended number of daily servings for each group. |
|
Definition
-Grains: 6oz everyday, at least 3oz of whole-grain cereals, breads, crackers, rice, or pasta
-Vegetables:2 ½ cups every day; dark leafy greens, broccoli, spinach,
-Fruits: 2 cups every day, apples, pineapple, banana, grapes
-Milk: 3 cups every day, milk yogurt
-Meat & Beans: 5 ½ oz every day; lean meats and poultry, |
|
|
Term
| Which carbohydrates are described as simple |
|
Definition
monosaccharides
-glucose = “blood sugar” (fruits, veggies, honey)
-galactose = combines w/glucose to form lactose
-fructose =”fruit sugar” (fruits, honey, corn syrup)
disaccharides
-sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar)
-lactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
-maltose = glucose + glucose (formed in intestines during stomach digestion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(part of simple carbohydrates)
-glucose = “blood sugar” (fruits, veggies, honey)
-galactose = combines w/glucose to form lactose
-fructose =”fruit sugar” (fruits, honey, corn syrup) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(part of simple carbohydrates)
-sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar)
-lactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
-maltose = glucose + glucose (formed in intestines during stomach digestion) |
|
|
Term
| Which carbohydrates are described as complex? |
|
Definition
-oligosaccharides: 3-10 monossacharides (dried beans, peas, lentils)
-polysaccharides: > 10 monossacharides linked together
-glycogen in animals
-starch in plants
-fiber (soluble and insoluble fibers) |
|
|
Term
| What health effects are related to carbohydrate consumption |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates: dental carries, Type I & II diabetes, gestational diabetes (pregnancy), reduce risk of cancer |
|
|
Term
| What health effects are related to sugar consumption? |
|
Definition
| -Sugar: increase risk of diabetes and dental carries |
|
|
Term
| What health effects are related to fiber consumption? |
|
Definition
| -Fiber: promotes regularity, reduces risk of diverticulosis (presence of pouches on colon) and diverticulitis (pouches become inflamed), reduces risk of heart disease (lowers blood cholesterol) |
|
|
Term
| Name the three classes of lipids found in the body |
|
Definition
- Phospholipids
-triglycerides
-sterols |
|
|
Term
| What foods are sources of cholesterol? |
|
Definition
| -Cholesterol: only in animal foods (meats, eggs, milk) |
|
|
Term
| How does excessive fat intake influence health? |
|
Definition
-high triglycerides increases risk of obesity
-high saturated fat and cholesterol increase risk for heart disease/atherosclerosis and cancer |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect the quality of a dietary protein |
|
Definition
Quality is determined by the amount of amino acids
-complete proteins
-incomplete
-complementary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complete dietary protein: foods of animal origin; provides essential amino acids needed to support protein synthesis, easier to digest, higher quality than incomplete dietary protein. |
|
|
Term
| Incomplete dietary protein |
|
Definition
| plant proteins; difficult to digest, low in one or more of the essential amino acids relative to body needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complementary proteins: eating a variety of food sources to meet amino acid needs for the body for efficient protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| How might protein excess or the type of protein eaten influence health? |
|
Definition
-balance of essential amino acids is necessary for appropriate growth
-a shortage of amino acids limits the ability to synthesize all the essential proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dehydration
-affect kidney function
-affects bone health
-kidney stones
-increase risk of heart disease and cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Edema
-Kwashiokor
--poor growth
--low blood albumin
--little disease resistance
--apathy, withdrawl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| celiac disease: a disorder that causes damage to the intestines when the protein gluten (found in grains) is eaten |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -PKU: disease in which the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Animal foods: choose fish, lean meats, and low-fat dairy
-iron, zinc, B vitamins
-provide heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids
-provide high-quality protein and calcium |
|
|
Term
| Plant sources for protein |
|
Definition
Plant sources: provide poly and monounsaturated fats and dietary fiber
-lowers blood cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Supplements: will only be beneficial if protein is already deficient in the body
-proper immune function
-healthy hair
-muscle growth |
|
|
Term
| What products of digestion are transported by the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| long-chain fatty acids: enters the portal vein to the liver; lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| What products of the digestion system are transported directly into the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
-short-chain fatty acids: directly into the blood stream
-amino acids: directly into the blood stream
-single sugars: directly into the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| What are the end products of the complete catabolism of glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids for energy? |
|
Definition
-Glucose: CO2, water, ATP
-Triglycerides: CO2, water, ATP
-Amino acids: CO2, water, ATP, nitrogen/urea |
|
|
Term
| What are the end products of the complete catabolism of glucose |
|
Definition
| -Glucose: CO2, water, ATP |
|
|
Term
| What are the end products of the complete catabolism of TG |
|
Definition
| -Triglycerides: CO2, water, ATP |
|
|
Term
| What are the end products of the complete catabolism of amino acids |
|
Definition
| -Amino acids: CO2, water, ATP, nitrogen/urea |
|
|
Term
| What non-carbohydrate substances can be used to make glucose |
|
Definition
-amino acids used to convert pyruvate into glucose
-ketone bodies formed from acetyl-CoA can be used to produce glucose |
|
|
Term
| How do the vitamins differ from the energy-yielding nutrients? |
|
Definition
| -B vitamins are all coenzymes that bind to enzymes to promote their activity; they do not provide energy like the energy-yielding nutrients do. However, many of the B vitamins are coenzyme essential for the proper functioning of numerous enzymes involved in the metabolism of the energy-yielding nutrients |
|
|
Term
| How do water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins differ? |
|
Definition
Fat soluble vitamins(A,D,E,K):
-absorbed with dietary fats via chylomicrons
-stored in liver and adipose tissue
-less vulnerable to loss in handling and cooking
Water Soluble vitamins(B-vitamins, vitamin C)
-Absorbed directly into blood
-Stored in small quantities
-Vulnerable to loss in cooking, exposure to light or air |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by a “balanced” diet? |
|
Definition
balance your foods daily. So, if you eat an unhealthy meal, eat healthy meals for the remainder of the day.
A healthy diet is one that provides the right number of kcalories to keep weight in the desirable range; the proper balance of carbohydrate, protein, and fat to fuel activity and maintain tissues; plenty of water; and sufficient but not excessive amounts of essential vitamins and minerals. It is rich in whole grains, fruits and vegetables, high in fiber, moderate in fat and sodium, and low in saturated fat, cholesterol, trans fat, and added sugars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Energy balance: balancing energy intake (eat) and energy output (exercise)
-Equilibrium: intake = output, weight maintenance
-Positive balance: intake > output, weight gain
-Negative balance: intake < output, weight loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Nitrogen balance: the amount of nitrogen consumed in the diet compared with the amount excreted by the body over a given period. Protein doesn’t change.
-Positive nitrogen balance: nitrogen intake > nitrogen output, total body protein increases
-Negative nitrogen balance: nitrogen intake < nitrogen output, total body protein decreases
-Equilibrium: intake = output, weight maintenance |
|
|
Term
| Most of our stored energy is stored as |
|
Definition
Triglycerides
adipose tissue=fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The theory that when people finish growing, their weight remains relatively stable for long periods despite periodic changes in energy intake or output.
Weight remains stable over time
over long run, weight is relatively stable; hard to change |
|
|
Term
| What do obesity genes control |
|
Definition
food intake
energy expenditure
deposition of body fat |
|
|
Term
| What are the internal signals driving eating |
|
Definition
-Hunger
-Satiation
-Satiety
-Appetite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genetic control of body weight:
wastes energy by allowing opposing biochemical reactions to occur simultaneously.
no storage of energy as fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brown adipose tissue allows you to release energy as heat instead of storing it as TG(fat)
uncoupling of the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| most of the energy you burn is from... |
|
Definition
| Basal metabolic rate (about 60-75% of energy expenditure) |
|
|
Term
| Which is higher, BMR or RMR |
|
Definition
| RMR is slightly higher than BMR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis
regular day to day activities, fidgeting |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways of energy breakdown |
|
Definition
1.BMR
2.Physical activity
3.Thermal Effect of food |
|
|
Term
Estimate of PA
-Sedentary
-Light
-Moderate
-Heavy
-Exceptional |
|
Definition
Sedentary 20-30% of REE
Light 30-45% of REE
Moderate 45-65% of REE
Heavy 65-90% of REE
Exceptional 90-120% of REE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Males: 13-21% body fat
Females: 23-31% body fat
Gender differences in distribution
Waist circumference
-Women: < 35 inches
-Men: < 40 inches |
|
|
Term
| Individuals with what shape body are at greater risk of developing heart disease and diabetes |
|
Definition
| Overweight individuals with apple-shaped body types deposit more fat in the abdominal region. They are at greater risk of developing heart disease and diabetes than are those with pear-shaped body types who deposit more fat in the hips and thighs where it is primarily subcutaneous. |
|
|
Term
| What do most alcoholic beverages consist of |
|
Definition
| Alcoholic beverages consist primarily of water, ethanol, and sugar |
|
|
Term
| Gender differences in metabolism of alcohol |
|
Definition
-Women have lower stomach ADH activity
-women have a higher proportion of body fat and thus less body water than men. The alcohol they do consume therefore is distributed in a smaller amount of body water
-Consuming an equivalent amount of alcohol (0.5 g per kg of body weight) causes higher blood alcohol concentrations in women than in men. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol affect on liver over time |
|
Definition
1st phase: fatty liver
2nd phase: alcoholic hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)
3rd phase: cirrhosis (irreversible, lose function of liver) |
|
|
Term
| Eating disorders are caused by the interplay of what factors |
|
Definition
| genetics, psychological, and sociocultural |
|
|
Term
| Primary vs Secondary amenorrhea |
|
Definition
Primary amenorrhea – menarche delayed beyond 16 years of age
Secondary amenorrhea – absence of three to six consecutive menstrual cycles* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Bigorexia
Obsession with being small and underdeveloped. Individuals believe their muscles are inadequate even when they have a good muscle mass.
affected people:Bodybuilders and avid gym-goers, more common in men than women
Sufferers are at risk if they take steroids or other muscle-enhancing drugs. |
|
|
Term
| Why do people with eating disorders have an obsession with food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an obsession with a perceived defect in the sufferer's body or appearance
affects males and females equally
increased risk of depression and suicide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Craving and eating nonfood items such as dirt, clay, paint chips, plaster, chalk, laundry starch, coffee grounds and ashes
affects pregnant women children, people whose family or ethnic customs include eating certain nonfood substances
consequences: mineral deficiencies, perforated intestines, intestinal infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cardiorespiratory endurance
-aerobic acvtivity that uses large muscle groups and can be maintained continuously
Muscular endurance and strength
-resistance activity that is performed at a controlled speed and full range of motion; includes pushing and lifting
Flexibility and balance
-stretching and maintaining a full range of motion |
|
|
Term
| ACSM Recommendations: Cardiorespiratory |
|
Definition
•Frequency
•3-5 days per week
•Intensity
•55-90% maximum heart rate
•Duration
•20-60 minutes
Running, cycling, skating, rowing, skiing, kick boxing, jump-rope, basketball, soccer, tennis…* |
|
|
Term
| ACSM Recommendations: muscular strength |
|
Definition
Frequency
2-3 days per week
Intensity (enough to)
enhance muscle strength/endurance
improve body composition
Duration
8 to 12 repetitions of 8 to 10 different exercises
Weighted exercise, isolated or combined |
|
|
Term
| ACSM Recommendations: Flexibilty |
|
Definition
•Frequency
•2-3 days per week
•Intensity (enough to)
•develop /maintain full range of motion
•Duration
•2 to 4 repetitions of 15-30 seconds per muscle group
General stretching, yoga, tai-chi |
|
|
Term
| min/day needed to: maintain health, maintain weight and weight loss |
|
Definition
Reduce chronic disease risk
-30 minutes at moderate intensity
-Stairs, gardening
Maintain a healthy weight
-60 minutes at moderate intensity
-Walking, jogging
Weight loss
-60-90 minutes at moderate intensity |
|
|
Term
| Muscle Physiological Responses to Exercise |
|
Definition
Hypertrophy: Increase size and strength
Increase number of mitochondria
-organelle in most cells
-contain genes and enzymes for cell metabolism
--citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
Enhanced oxygen use
-Maintain aerobic energy production longer |
|
|
Term
| Cardiopulmonary System Physiological Responses to Exercise |
|
Definition
Enhanced oxygen delivery and uptake
-All body cells need oxygen to function
-Improved O2 transport efficiency
-Improves heart health/strength
-Improves lung health/strength |
|
|
Term
| Key factors in fueling physical activity |
|
Definition
oDiet
oDuration of exercise
oIntensity of exercise
oLevel of fitness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbohydrates, Fat, Protein
Stored glycogen: Glycolysis -->TCA; Glycolysis -->Lactate
Fatty acids in adipocytes: Beta-oxidation --> TCA
B-vitamins and minerals needed: coenzymes, electron carriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Dry mouth
-Thirst
-Headache
-Weakness
-Dizziness
-Cramps
-Reduced performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sports events >3 hrs
-Decreased concentration of sodium in the blood
Causes
-Excessive sweat
-Over-hydration
Hyponatremia can occur if an athlete loses large amounts of water and salt in sweat, and replaces the loss with water alone. |
|
|
Term
| Risks of intense training |
|
Definition
Anemia(iron-deficient and sports)
Menstrual irregularities
Disordered eating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any external influences that can positively affect physical or mental performance.
-Mechanical, pharmacological, physiological, nutritional and psychological aids
Used by many
most do not meet claims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Dietary Supplements)
Non-essential nutrient
Fatty acid transfer across mitochondria membranes
-No increase in muscle carnitine
-No enhancement of exercise performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Dietary Supplements)
Essential mineral- in carb and lipid metabolism
No effect on strength, lean body mass, or body fat |
|
|
Term
| Complete Nutrition Supplements |
|
Definition
(Dietary Supplements)
Do not provide complete nutrition
Should not replace regular meals
*watch out for passing RDA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Dietary Supplements)
May improve muscle strength and size, cell hydration and glycogen loading capacity
Safety issues and side effects |
|
|
Term
| Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) |
|
Definition
(Dietary Supplements)
Derived from linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid
Inc. body mass in animals
Few human studies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Dietary Supplements)
May enhance performance by stimulating fatty acid release
Stomach upset, nervousness, irritability, headaches, and diarrhea.
Use in moderation
Use as an addition to other fluids
*some competitions have banned caffeine in high doses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Dietary Supplements)
The body gets oxygen from the lungs, not the GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Dietary Supplements)
Illegal
Authorities ban use
Plant sterols from herbs are poorly absorbed
Dangerous side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) and Androstenedione
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) |
|
|
Term
| DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) and Androstenedione |
|
Definition
Precursors to testosterone
No evidence to support claims
Short-term effects are identified
*dangerous; serious physiological side effects |
|
|
Term
| Human Growth Hormone (hGH) |
|
Definition
Used to build lean tissue and increase height if still growing
Expensive
Many adverse side effects
*can cause femininization in men;increase estrogen |
|
|
Term
| Arguments for Vitamin and Mineral Supplements |
|
Definition
Correct Overt Deficiencies (if you're not deficient theres no effect)
Support Increased Nutrient Needs (pregnant women have increased needs)
Improve Nutrition Status
Improve the Body’s Defenses
Reduce Disease Risks |
|
|
Term
| Arguments Against Vitamin and Mineral Supplements |
|
Definition
Toxicity (can pass UL)
Life-Threatening Misinformation
Unknown Needs (don't know exact needs)
False Sense of Security
Other Invalid Reasons:
Food supply contains inadequate nutrients
Provide energy
Enhance athletic performance
Help one cope with stress
Can prevent, treat or cure conditions |
|
|
Term
| Who needs Vitamin and Mineral Supplements |
|
Definition
Nutritional deficiencies
Low energy intake <1600 kcals/day
Vegans, atrophic gastritis(can't make stomach acid)- vitamin B12
Lactose intolerance, milk allergies, or inadequate intake of dairy foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulate appetite & feeding
Insulin: released by the pancreas in response to the intake of carbs, insulin allows glucose to be taken up by cells; glucose levels go down and hunger increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulate appetite & feeding
Ghrelin: produced by the stomach and believed to stimulate the desire to eat meals at usual times. Overproduction can lead to obesity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduce appetite and feeding
Cholecystokinin: released when chime enters small intestine, causes us to stop eating by inducing satiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduce appetite and feeding
Peptide PYY: causes reduction in appetite, released from GI tract after a meal;amount is proportional to kcal content of a meal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduce appetite and feeding
Leptin: protein hormone produced by adipocytes that signals info about the amount of body fat. Inulin levels affect the amount of leptin produced/secreted |
|
|
Term
| What types of exercise are aerobic? |
|
Definition
Aerobic: requiring oxygen (swimming, cross-country skiing, rowing, fast walking, jogging, fast bicycling,
soccer, hockey, basketball, water polo, lacrosse and rugby). |
|
|
Term
| What types of exercise are anaerobic? |
|
Definition
Anaerobic: not requiring oxygen (jump of
basketball player, weight lifting, sprinting). |
|
|
Term
| How do diuretics function as weight loss treatment |
|
Definition
| diuretics: increase urine production (doesn't actually reduce weight) |
|
|
Term
| How do appetite suppressants function as weight loss treatment |
|
Definition
| appetite suppressants; often contain caffeine |
|
|
Term
| How does Xenical function as weight loss treatment |
|
Definition
| Xenical (Rx): reduces fat absorption |
|
|
Term
| How does Merdia function as weight loss treatment |
|
Definition
| Merdia (Rx): affects appetite |
|
|
Term
| How does Alli function as weight loss treatment |
|
Definition
| Alli: blocks fat absorption, inhibits pancreatic lipase |
|
|
