Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Nutrition Final Exam
Digestion, Upper GI, Lower GI, Enteral Nutrition, Parenteral Nutrition
46
Nutrition
Undergraduate 1
08/01/2013

Additional Nutrition Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What section of GI tract would have the greatest impact on nutritional status if injured or not functioning?
Definition
Small Intestine
Term
Factors that the GI tract has to overcome for adequte digestion to occur
Definition
Normal flora, Prevention of aspiration, Surface area
Term
Normal Flora
Definition

Decreases growth of bad bacteria

Helps regulate water absorption

Increases absorption of calcium

Produces many vitamins

Decreased risk for stomach ulcers

Term
Surface Area
Definition

Must have adequate surface area for absorption of nutrients or malabsorption will occur

 

Malabsorption would lead to numerous nutrient deficiencies

Term
Prevention of Aspiration
Definition
If aspiration occurs, nutrients cannot be correctly absorbed. Also increases risk for infections such as pneumonia and is also life threatening.
Term
Probiotic
Definition

Term used to describe normal flora in food products

Ex. yogurt (activia) - regulates water absorption

 

A dose of actual live bacteria

 

Also supplements given to restore the natural flora (mostly in large intestine) of the intestine tract.

Term
Prebiotic
Definition
The food that bacteria likes to feed and grow on.
Term
Dysphagia
Definition
Difficulty swallowing
Term
Aspiration
Definition

The introduction of food into the trachea instead of the esophagous.

 

Can cause pneumonia and can be life threatening

Term
What nutritional interventions are recommended for dysphagia?
Definition

Pureed diet, thickened liquids. Moist foods.

 

In extreme cases, feeding tubes may be an option.

Term
What are the main nutritional concerns for patients with dysphagia?
Definition
Malnutrition, weight loss, increased risk of dehydration, aspiration. Protein deficiency
Term
What are the diet recommendations for patients with GERD?
Definition
Decrease size of meals, avoid spicy and high fat foods. Decrease alcohol intake. Drink liquids between meals. Avoid lying down after meals. Limit caffeine. Avoid acidic foods
Term
What are the diet recommendations for ulcers?
Definition
Avoid irritating foods. Advised to keep a food diary. Take meds to decrease HCL and also antibiotics. Take iron supplement and probiotics.
Term
What is thought to be associated with the cause of ulcers?
Definition

Causes related to:

Anti-inflammatory drugs

Bacteria (H. Pylori)

Excessive smoking

Emotional stress

Chemo or radiation

Term
What minerals are important for mineralization of teeth?
Definition
Calcium, Phosphorus, Fluoride
Term
What are the concepts to remember with foods that are more likely to cause dental decay?
Definition

Carbohydrates:

The type (simple carbs are more likely to cause dental caries than complex) *sweets*

The frequency of carbs (how many times a day are your teeth in contact with carbs)

The consistency of carbs (how sticky the carb is)

*cariogenic food: foods that increase production of acid

Example: a can of coke, a caramel

Term
What is the biggest nutritional concern with upper GI disorders vs. lower GI disorders?
Definition
??
Term
What are the diet recommendations to prevent dumping syndrome?
Definition

B 12 injections (for RBC production)

Low GI foods: No simple carbohydrates.

Decrease fluids with meals

6 small meals per day, no large meals

Term
What are the diet recommendations for celiac disease?
Definition

Gluten free diet. Aviod:

Wheat flour, cereals, ice cream, cream sauces, cheese sauces, fast food frieds, salad dressings, box dinners.

 

Medications should be reviewed

Term
What are the nutritional interventions for cystic fibrosis?
Definition

High calorie diet

High fat diet

Large doses of vitamins

Tube feedings to supplement

Salt supplement sometimes needed

Supplement enzymes (pancreatic enzymes)

Term
Why are patients with CF at nutritional risk?
Definition
These patients have increased requirements, fewer pancreatic enzymes leads to nutrient malabsorption, and reduced food consumption. Patients have hypermetabolism (due to greater energy cost of labored breathing) anorexia (due to loss of appetite)
Term
Why do patients with CF have such a high BMR?
Definition
Difficulty with breathing increases the BMR. Working harder to breathe increases the amount of calories burned/needed.
Term
What is Crohns disease?
Definition
A type of inflammatory bowel disease that involves the small intestine.
Term
What is the difference between Crohns diesease and Colitis?
Definition

Crohns disease = small intestine

 

Colitis = large intestine

Term
Does Crohns disease or Colitis have a greater impact on nutritional status?
Definition
Crohns disease
Term
What are the nutritional interventions for Crohns disease?
Definition

B-12 injections

Supplemental vitamins

Iron

Protein and Calorie supplements

Calcium

Term
What are the malabsorption conditions?
Definition

Crohns disease

Colitis

Celiac Disease

Cystic Fibrosis

Dumping Syndrome (from partial or total gastrectomy)

Pancreatitis

 

 

Term
What is the biggest nutritional concern with an ostomy?
Definition

Colostomy or ilieostomy

 

Biggest nutritional concern is hydration!

 

Very important to prevent dehydration, electrolyte replacement maybe needed.

 

Dehydration is more common with an ilieostomy.

Term
Enteral Nutrition: What are the two types of tube placements?
Definition
Transnasal & Enterostomy (Gastrostomy, Jejunostomy)
Term
What are the advantages (2) /disadvantages (3) of a transnasal placement?
Definition

Advantage: temporary, placed and removed at bedside

 

Disadvantage: Can be difficult to keep in place, highest risk of aspiration, can cause irritation to throat

Term
Advantages (3) /Disadvantages (1) of a Gastrostomy?
Definition

Advantages: Lower risk of aspiration, able to give larger amounts of formula, more comfortable/discrete than NG

 

Disadvantages: Surgical procedure required for placement

Term
Advantages (2) /Disadvantages (3) of Jejunostomy?
Definition

Advantages: Lowest risk of aspiration, allows bypass of stomach

 

Disadvantage: Most difficult placement, usually requires pump, usually requires elemental formula.

Term
What are the two choices for delivery of formula?
Definition
Pump/continuous feeding & Bolus feeding
Term
What are the advantages (2) /disadvantages (2) of pump or continuous feeding?
Definition

Advantages: Easier for patient to tolerate, small amount given over longer period of time

 

Disadvantages: More difficult for pt. to be ambulatory, more costly

Term
What are the advantages (3) /disadvantages (2) of bolus feeding?
Definition

Advantages: Allows for more freedom of mvmt, less costly, closer to natural way of eating

 

Disadvantages: Can be much harder for pt. to tolerate, risk of aspiration is greater

Term
What are the two types of formula?
Definition

Standard: Basic protein, carbs, fat (not digested)

 

Elemental: Pre digested protein and sometimes fat

Term
Which type of formula is appropriate for a J tube?
Definition
Elemental
Term
What do we monitor to make sure pt. is getting adequate protein?
Definition
Albumin and pre albumin levels
Term
What do we monitor to make sure pt is getting enough calories?
Definition
Weight
Term
Hypertonic vs. Isotonic formulas
Definition

**In standard formula

1.0-2.25 (1 calorie/cc of formula-caloric content)

Hypertonic: 2.25, very concentrated, very thick, very high in protein/carbs/fat. Large calories and small amount of formula. More difficult to tolerate.

 

Isotonic: 1.0, very watery and not concentrated. Almost all patients can tolerate an isotonic formula. Low calories and large amount of formula.

Term
What is parenteral nutrition?
Definition
The ability to meet nutrient needs intravenously
Term
What are the two types of parenteral nutrition?
Definition

Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition (PPN)

 

&

 

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Term
Which type of parenteral nutrition is more appropriate for long term use?
Definition
TPN (total parenteral nutrition)
Term
What is the most common nutritional side effect of parenteral nutrition?
Definition

Gastric atrophy: the villi in the small intestine shrink

 

Becomes very difficult for patient to absorb nutrients once patient starts feeding again orally.

Term
Total Parenteral Nutrition
Definition
Permanant cath in large vessel near the heart. Usually in the right superior vena cava. Patient fed a solution that would give them 100% nutritional needs. Requires surgical procedure to insert cath. Used for long term.
Term
Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition
Definition
Uses a smaller vein. Used for short term use. Meets a partial amount of the patients nutritional needs.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!