Decreases growth of bad bacteria

Helps regulate water absorption

Increases absorption of calcium

Produces many vitamins

Decreased risk for stomach ulcers

Must have adequate surface area for absorption of nutrients or malabsorption will occur

Malabsorption would lead to numerous nutrient deficiencies

Term used to describe normal flora in food products

Ex. yogurt (activia) - regulates water absorption

A dose of actual live bacteria

Also supplements given to restore the natural flora (mostly in large intestine) of the intestine tract.

The introduction of food into the trachea instead of the esophagous.

Can cause pneumonia and can be life threatening

Pureed diet, thickened liquids. Moist foods.

In extreme cases, feeding tubes may be an option.

Causes related to:

Anti-inflammatory drugs

Bacteria (H. Pylori)

Excessive smoking

Emotional stress

Chemo or radiation

Carbohydrates:

The type (simple carbs are more likely to cause dental caries than complex) *sweets*

The frequency of carbs (how many times a day are your teeth in contact with carbs)

The consistency of carbs (how sticky the carb is)

*cariogenic food: foods that increase production of acid

Example: a can of coke, a caramel

B 12 injections (for RBC production)

Low GI foods: No simple carbohydrates.

Decrease fluids with meals

6 small meals per day, no large meals

Gluten free diet. Aviod:

Wheat flour, cereals, ice cream, cream sauces, cheese sauces, fast food frieds, salad dressings, box dinners.

Medications should be reviewed

High calorie diet

High fat diet

Large doses of vitamins

Tube feedings to supplement

Salt supplement sometimes needed

Supplement enzymes (pancreatic enzymes)

Crohns disease = small intestine

Colitis = large intestine

B-12 injections

Supplemental vitamins

Iron

Protein and Calorie supplements

Calcium

Crohns disease

Colitis

Celiac Disease

Cystic Fibrosis

Dumping Syndrome (from partial or total gastrectomy)

Pancreatitis

Colostomy or ilieostomy

Biggest nutritional concern is hydration!

Very important to prevent dehydration, electrolyte replacement maybe needed.

Dehydration is more common with an ilieostomy.

Advantage: temporary, placed and removed at bedside

Disadvantage: Can be difficult to keep in place, highest risk of aspiration, can cause irritation to throat

Advantages: Lower risk of aspiration, able to give larger amounts of formula, more comfortable/discrete than NG

Disadvantages: Surgical procedure required for placement

Advantages: Lowest risk of aspiration, allows bypass of stomach

Disadvantage: Most difficult placement, usually requires pump, usually requires elemental formula.

Advantages: Easier for patient to tolerate, small amount given over longer period of time

Disadvantages: More difficult for pt. to be ambulatory, more costly

Advantages: Allows for more freedom of mvmt, less costly, closer to natural way of eating

Disadvantages: Can be much harder for pt. to tolerate, risk of aspiration is greater

Standard: Basic protein, carbs, fat (not digested)

Elemental: Pre digested protein and sometimes fat

**In standard formula

1.0-2.25 (1 calorie/cc of formula-caloric content)

Hypertonic: 2.25, very concentrated, very thick, very high in protein/carbs/fat. Large calories and small amount of formula. More difficult to tolerate.

Isotonic: 1.0, very watery and not concentrated. Almost all patients can tolerate an isotonic formula. Low calories and large amount of formula.

Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition (PPN)

&

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Gastric atrophy: the villi in the small intestine shrink

Becomes very difficult for patient to absorb nutrients once patient starts feeding again orally.