Term
| Nutrients and energy yield |
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Definition
Carbohydrates: 4 kcals/g
Fats: 9 kcals/g
Proteins: 4 kcals/g
Minerals: 0
Water: 0
Alcohol: 7 kcals/g |
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Term
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Definition
dietary reference intake
standards for healthy people |
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Term
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Definition
| Recommended Dietary Allowance |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tolerable upper intake level |
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Term
|
Definition
| Estimated Energy REquirement |
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Term
|
Definition
Carbs 45-65
Protein 10-35
Fat 20-35 |
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Term
|
Definition
Adequacy
Balance
Kcaloric control
Nutrient density
Moderation
Variety |
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Term
|
Definition
Grain
Dairy
Fruit
Vegetable
Protein
Oil |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sterilizing a food by exposure ot energy waves similiar to UV light and microwaves. Control mold in grain, sterilizes spices adn teas, controls insects, destroys bacteria in meat. |
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Term
| Natural toxicants in food |
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Definition
Goitrogan: In cabbage, cauliflower and kale. Enlarges thyroid. Eliminated by cooking.
Cyanogens: Lima beans, fruit seeds
Solanine: potatoes. Narcotic. Eliminated by peeling. |
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Term
| Intentional food additives |
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Definition
Preservatives
Antimicrobial
Antioxidants (vit C, Vit E, BHA, BHT)
Color
Flavor (MSG)
Sugar alternatives (aspartame)
Texture/stability
Fortify |
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Term
| Genetic engineering examples |
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Definition
Biofortified wheat with more zinc and iron, corn with lysine and tryptophan.
Cows milk delivers vaccine.
Bananas and potatoes with Hep vaccine. |
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Term
|
Definition
Mastication: form bolus
Saliva: Moistens, 1 L/day, Lipids and Carb digestion.
Taste: sour, bitter, sweet, salty.
>1 min |
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Term
| Digestive role: Esophagus |
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Definition
Connects mouth to stomach.
Upper and Lower esophageal sphincter.
Peristalsis |
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Term
|
Definition
Bolus into chyme
Muscles: circular, longitudinal and diagonal.
Pyloric sphincter: release chyme 3X/min
Gastric juice: Gastrin responds to food to release HCL, 1.5L/day, acid pH uncoils protein and activates pepsinogen to pepsin, pepsin cleaves proteins, kills bacteria.
1-2hours |
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Term
| Digestive role: Small intestine |
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Definition
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Segmentation: mix chyme, promote contact with absorptive cells.
Pancrease secretes: Secretin responds to acidic chyme to cause release of Sodium bicarbonate to neutralize and allows: Carboxypeptidase, lipases, trypsin,amylase.
Bile: Liver makes, gallbladder releases by cholecystokinin, emulsifies lipids.
7-8 hours.
Absorption: Villi and microvilli: Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Active transport. |
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Term
| Digestive role: Large intestine |
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Definition
Ileocecal valve
Withdraws water, NaCl, trace minerals.
Rectum, anus
Bacteria: digestion of fiber
12-14 hours |
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Term
| Transport from digestive system |
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Definition
Bloodstream: water soluble nutrients and other small substances. Directed to LIVER.
Lymphatic system: Larger fats and fat soluble nutrients, BYPASSS LIVER at first. Enters bloodstream at subclavian vein |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose |
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Term
|
Definition
Glycogen: storage in mammals, liver and muscles
Fibers: Plant, bacteria breaks it down, intestinal health.
Starch: Plant, |
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Term
| Benefit of fiber in cholesterol control |
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Definition
High fiber:
1. Liver uses blood cholesterol to make bile.
2. Gallbladder stores bile, bile binds to fiber in digestion.
3. Fiber and bile excreted in feces.
4. A little cholesterol (versus a lot in a low fiber diet) from bile is reabsorbed into blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
Feeling of fullness in stomach.
Digested by bacteria
Prevents constipation and diverticulitis
NEGATIVES: phytic acid, chelation of minerals. |
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Term
| Absorption of carbohydrates |
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Definition
duodenum.
Active transport for glucose and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion for fructose. |
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Term
|
Definition
Glycolisis:
Glucose to 2 pyruvate (3 carbon structure).
Hydrogen atoms to electron transport.
Pyruvate to lactate w/o O2 in muscles during exercise.
Pyruvate to Acetyl coenzyme A w/ O2. |
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Term
| When there aren't enough carbs for energy |
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Definition
Gluconeogenesis: Using something other than carbohydrates for energy, like amino acids.
Ketone bodies from fat provide energy. |
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Term
| Blood glucose homeostasis |
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Definition
Insulin: released when blood glucose is high.
Glucagon: Released when blood glucose is too low. |
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Term
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Definition
I: Autoimmune, can't produce insulin
II: Insensitive to insulin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Speed of glucose absorption, level of blood glucose, and return to normal glucose levels |
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Term
|
Definition
weight gain
diabetes
nutrient deficiency
dental caries |
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Term
|
Definition
Methyl group and acid group
Saturated: full of H
Unsaturated: missing H |
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Term
|
Definition
Glycerol backbone
3 fatty acids (mixture) |
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Term
|
Definition
Protects against oxidation
Alters texture
Polyunsaturated into saturated |
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Term
|
Definition
Cis: hydrogens on same side of double bond
Trans: hydrogens on opposite sides of double bond |
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Term
|
Definition
soluble in fat and water
Emulsifier |
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Term
|
Definition
| Roles in bile acids, sex hormones and cholesterol |
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