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Nutrition Final
nutrition final Livingston
212
Nursing
Not Applicable
08/08/2013

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Nutrition
Definition
Study of foods and their relationship to health.
Term
Enteral
Definition
Within or by way of the intestines.
Term
Nutrient
Definition
Chemical compound found in food.
Term
Food
Definition
Substance the body uses to yield heat and energy, to promote graowth, to rehulate body processes and to repair tissues.
Term
Malnutrition
Definition
Lack of necessary food substance in the body.
Term
Parenteral
Definition
Denoting any route other than the digestive tract.
Term
Dietetics
Definition
Science of the use of foods in health and disease.
Term
Diet therapy
Definition
Modification in the patient's normal diet to meet requirements created be disease or injury.
Term
Nutritional deficiency
Definition
Insufficient amount of one or more essential nutrients in the diet.
Term
Diet
Definition
Food and drink consumed each day.
Term
Intermittent
Definition
Suspending activity at intervals.
Term
Anorexia
Definition
Lack or loss of appetite fo food.
Term
Achlorhydria
Definition
Abscence of free hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Term
What are two main reasons the nurse should have a good understanding of nutrition?
Definition
wins cooperation, educate patient, so they can explain a diet to the patient and family.
Term
What are the 7 classes of nutrients?
Definition
Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Minerals, Water, Vitamins, Cellulose
Term
List 6 things good nutrition helps promote or maintain
Definition

healthy mind and body

greater personal energy and vitality

increases resistance to disease

speeds healing from injury and disease

produces stronger bones and muscles

promotes good posture

Term
How does income influence food habits?
Definition
limited income and education,cost and availability, buying foods in season is an economic aid.
Term
Religious Influence
Definition
Various religions have dietary restrictions that require special planning to assure adequate diets.
Term
How pregnancy and lactation influence food habits?
Definition
multivitamin, supplemental nutrients
Term

How Age affects food habits?

 

Definition

energy

sensory

metabolic

gastrointestinal

renal

musculosketal

 

Term

How Region and availability affect food habits?

 

Definition

seasonal fruits not always available,

transport food from anywhere

Term
How Nationality and culture affect food habits?
Definition
Preparation
Term
Meat provides most of the body's______?
Definition
Protein
Term
Milk provides most of the body's_______?
Definition
Calcium
Term
Fruit and vegetables are our major source of ______?
Definition
Fiber
Term
The major vitamin provided by breads and cereals is vitamin_______?
Definition
B
Term
recommended amount of Grain group?
Definition
6 ounces every day
Term
daily recommende amount of Fruit group?
Definition
2 cups every day
Term
daily recommended amount of Fats,sugar and salt?
Definition
know your limits
Term
daily recommended amount of Vegetable group?
Definition
2 1/2 cups every day
Term
daily recommended amount of Milk group?
Definition
3 cups every day
Term
daily recommended amount of Meat and bean group?
Definition
5 1/2 ounces every day
Term
Four reasons for nutritional deficiencies to develop?
Definition

disease,

alcoholism,

low income,

poor food habits

 

Term

Malnutrition in hair causes it to become ______?

 

Definition

dry,

brittle,

thin

Term
Malnutrition in the gums cause them to become?
Definition

spongey,

receding

 

Term
Malnutrition causes the skin to become?
Definition

stretched,

dry,

flakey,

bruise easily

 

Term
Signs of malnutrition in the cardiovascular system?
Definition

increased heart rate,

increased blood pressure,

enlarged heart

 

Term
A lacto-ovovegetarian diet must included _______ and _______ to probide a highly nutritious diet.
Definition

milk,

eggs

 

Term
Ten economic considerations in obtaining and preparing food?
Definition

buy in season and in good supply,

plan menus in advance,

buy canned goods on sale,

buy in quantity,

recognize bargains,

know grades and brands of food,

compare labels for weights and ingrediants,

buy less expensive form of the food,

avoid impulse buying,

compare nutritive value,

store food properly

 

Term
Adulterated
Definition
unneccesary ingrediant
Term
Additive
Definition
chemical element added to a natural
Term
What are the special needs for a vegetarian?
Definition

1T of black strap molasses (iron+calcium)

1T of Brewers yeast (vitamin B12)

3-5 tsp of vegetable oil(vitamin E +calories)

Term
Three types of food poisoning?
Definition

chemicals in food(Ptomaine),

chemical added to food (insecticide),

disease producing organisms in food (salmonella)

Term
Three illnesses transmitted by animals?
Definition

tularemia,

salmonella,

tuberculosis

Term
Illnesses transmitted by food handlers/shoppers?
Definition

influenza,

staph,

Hepatitis A

 

Term
Three illnesses transmitted by improper storage or preparation?
Definition

Typhoid,

Staph,

Botulism

 

Term
Three reasons for using NG tubes,gastrostomy/PEG tubes?
Definition

patient has no appetite,

during periods of great nutritional need(coma,trauma),

unable to chew or swallow

 

Term
What is the term used for an opening directly into the stomach?
Definition
gastrostomy
Term
What is the position of choice for inserting an NG tube?
Definition
high-fowlers
Term
Describe how to measure a tube for placement?
Definition
tip of nose to ear and down to stomach
Term
What type of lubricant is used on NG tubes? Why?
Definition

water soluble lubricant,

not foreign to body

Term
What must the patient do to facilitate passage of the tube into the esophagus?
Definition
swallow
Term
What are three signs to observe which may indicate the tube is in the trachea?
Definition

choking/gagging,

coughing,

cyanosis

Term
What are three methods of determining placement?
Definition

x-ray,

aspiration,

ausculation(listening to bowel movement)

 

Term
What are two methods of feeding?
Definition

Bolus,

Intermittent,

Continuous

Term
What must be done before any feeding or medication administration?
Definition

verify tube placement

doctors order

Term
When flushing after intermittent feeding you should use _______to _____cc's of water?
Definition
30cc to 60cc
Term
How high should the feeding be from the patient's abdomen?
Definition
12 to 18 in. above abdomen
Term
Patient's should remain _______for ___ minutes following a tube feeding?
Definition

30 degrees/upright

30 minutes

Term
How often are bags changed with continuous feedings?
Definition
24 hours
Term
What is one indication for holding a feeding?
Definition
If patient aspirates 1/2 amount of last feeding.
Term
Why should you replace the aspirate?
Definition
If not you may upset their e-lytes and pH.
Term
What is dumping syndrome?
Definition

Diarrhea,vomiting,and nausea

caused by concentrated delivery for formulas

may force change to continuous feeding to correct problem

Term
What is an important aspect of daily care for patients with NG tubes and gastrostomy tubes?
Definition

good oral hygiene

nare care

Term
When removing a NG tube do so ________?
Definition
smoothly
Term
Define parental nutrition?
Definition
The administration of nutrients to the patient by an IV.
Term
Three reasons parental nutrition is used?
Definition

When GI tract can't absorb nutrients,

Bowel or gut needs complete rest after surgery or trauma,

Patient has persistent vomiting and diarrhea

 

Term
What are the essential nutrients usually included in TPN formulas?
Definition

Water,

Protein,

Carbohydrates,

Fats,

electrolytes,

Vitamins,

Trace minerals

Term
Carbohydrate
Definition
Chemical compounds of hydrogen and oxygen; starches and sugars
Term
Protein
Definition
Complex organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, usually sulfur, and sometimes iron, phosphorus,iodine and copper
Term
Fat
Definition
Combination of fatty acids and glycerol containing the elements of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen.
Term
Amino acids
Definition
Chemical compounds which are components of protein.
Term
Hydrochloric acid
Definition
Normal constituent of gastric juices produced by glands in the stomach.
Term
Lipid
Definition
Oily substance not soluble in water.
Term
Hydrogenation
Definition
Addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fats to make a saturated fat.
Term
Oxidation
Definition
Combining with oxygen.
Term
Synthesis
Definition
Combining of simple substances to form compounds.
Term
Gram
Definition
Metric unit of weight.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The total of all physical and chemical changes that occur within the body.
Term
Basal metabolism
Definition
The amount of metabolic processes which take place in the body at rest and fasting.
Term
Anabolism
Definition
The building up of tissues.
Term
Catabolism
Definition
The breaking down of tissues into simpler chemical units known as wastes.
Term
What are six factors that affect basal metabolism?
Definition

Body surface,

Body Composition,

Sex,

Age,

Glandular Activity,

Nutritional Status

 

Term
Where does the body get its energy?
Definition
Metabolism
Term
What seven factors influence the body's energy requirements?
Definition

Age,

Desired weight,

Gender,

State of health,

Climate,

Activities,

Nutritional status

 

Term
What is a calorie?
Definition
The amount of heat required to raise the temp. of one gram on water 1 degree.
Term
What are the three classifications of carbohydrates?
Definition

Simple CHO,

Disaccharides,

Polysaccharides

 

Term
List five principle sources of carbohydrates?
Definition

grains,

sugars,

vegetables,

fruits,

milk + dairy

 

Term
What is the best form of sugar to give when an immediate supply of energy is needed?
Definition
simple sugar
Term
Starch is found in the walls of ________and ________?
Definition

vegetables,

grains

 

Term
Glycogen is sugar stored in _______ and _______?
Definition

muscles,

liver

 

Term
One gram of carbohydrates is equal to ___calories?
Definition

4

 

Term
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the diet?
Definition

energy

 

Term
The daily requirement of carbohydrate in the diet is ______%?
Definition
45-65
Term
The end products of carbohydrate digestion are ______ _____?
Definition
simple sugars
Term
Why is cellulose important in the diet?
Definition
bulk and fiber to assist in elimination
Term
What are some foods that have a high cellulose content?
Definition

celery stalks,

rhubarb,

apple

Term
What is an empty calorie?
Definition
foods with little or no food value except calories
Term
Name two effects of excessive carbohydrate intake?
Definition

obesity,

irritate GI tract

 

Term
Proteins that contain all the essential amino aceds in sufficient quantity to maintain nitrogen balance in adults and growth in children are known as ________ proteins?
Definition
complete
Term
Good plant sources of protein would be _____,______, and _______.
Definition

corn,

peas,

beans

Term
Name four functions of protein in the body?
Definition

build and repair tissues,

maintain water balance,

help make body secretions,enzymes,hormones and milk,

form antibodies

 

Term
The daily adult requirement of dietary protein is _____or 10 to 35% of the total daily calories?
Definition
0.8-1
Term
Children need _____to _____grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily?
Definition
2-3
Term
Adolescents need _____to_____grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily?
Definition
1-2
Term
What is the main function of protein in the body?
Definition
build and repair tissue
Term
One gram of protein equals____ calories?
Definition
4
Term
The form in which proteins are absorbed and utilized by the body is?
Definition
amino acids
Term
Fats belong to a group of chemicals called?
Definition
lipids
Term
Excess fat is stored as?
Definition
adipose tissue
Term
What are 7 functions of fat in the body?
Definition

supply heat,energy,calories

acts as insulation,

provides padding to protect organs,

carry fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K

help maintain body function,

add flavor to food,

supply cholestrol

Term
Two sources of at are ___ and____?
Definition

meat

milk

Term
Which type of fat lowers cholestrol?
Definition
unsaturated
Term
Fat digestion begins in the ______.  As it reaches the __________ it depends upon secretions from the _____and _______to complete its digestion.
Definition

stomach,

small intestine,

liver,

pancreas

Term
What are three diseases known to be increased by excessive fat intake?
Definition

heart disease,

diabetes,

kidney failure

Term
One gram of fat will yield ___calories of heat?
Definition
9
Term
Low cholestrol foods include ?
Definition

fruits,

veggies,

cereal,

egg whites,

lean meat,

fish

Term
___% of the daily caloric intake should be from fats?
Definition
20-35
Term
What is a triglyceride?
Definition
combination of glycerol and fatty acid
Term
What disease may be associated with high triglycerides?
Definition
atherosclerosis
Term
What are two foods of animal origin?
Definition

butter,

milk

Term
What are two foods of plant origin?
Definition

vegetable oils,

nuts

Term
What are two general characteristics of vitamins and minerals?
Definition

no value,

provided in sufficient amount in well balanced diet,

lost or restored in storage,

help regulate body functions

Term
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
Definition
A,D,E,K
Term
What is avitaminosis?
Definition
disease due to lack of vitamins
Term
What is hypervitaminosis?
Definition
toxicity caused by an excessive amount of vitamins
Term
Fat-soluble vitamins are stored where?
Definition
liver
Term
What are three factors affecting the body's utilization of fat-soluble vitamins?
Definition

storage,

cooking,

consuming megadoses

Term
List the water-soluble vitamins?
Definition

Vitamin C,

B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,

Biotin,

Folic Acid

Term
How are water soluble vitamins excreted by the body?
Definition
in the urine
Term
Which of the water soluble vitamins is stored in the body and where is it stored?
Definition

B12,

liver

Term
Which vitamin should be increased in the diet of smokers?
Definition
C
Term
What are the major functions of Vitamin A?
Definition

normal vision,

healthy skin,bones and teeth,

fights infection

Term
What are three sources of vitamin A?
Definition

milk,

egg yolk,

butter

Term
What does a defficiency in vitamin cause?
Definition

night blindness,

keratosis,

lowers resistance

Term
Fats left in heat and light become _______?  Cooking in an open pot is more destructive than_____________?
Definition

rancid,

heating with a lid

Term
What is the major function of vitamin D?
Definition
enables body to utilize and retain calcium and phosphorus
Term
What is the natural source of vitamin D?
Definition
sun
Term
Which dairy product is fortified with vitamin D?
Definition
milk
Term
What are three source of vitamin D?
Definition

fish oil,

liver,

egg yolk

Term
A deficiency in vitamin D causes _________in children and ___________in adults?
Definition

rickets,

osteomalacia

Term
An excess of vitamin D could cause _______ ________ due to increased calcium absorption?
Definition
kidney stones
Term
What is the best source of vitamin E?
Definition
green vegetables
Term
What is the function of vitamin E?
Definition

antioxidant,

forms RBC,

muscle tissue

Term
What are the sources of vitamin K?
Definition

dark green leafy veggies,

liver,

dairy

Term
What is the major function of vitamin K?
Definition
normal blood clotting
Term
Where is vitamin K produced?
Definition
in the intestine by bacteria
Term
Which age group is most likely dificient in vitamin K?
Definition
newborns
Term
Which fat soluble vitamin is least likely to be deficient?
Definition
vitamin K
Term
vitamin A is also known as?
Definition
Retinol
Term
What is another name for vitamin D?
Definition
Calciferol
Term
What is another name for vitamin E?
Definition
Tocopherol
Term
What is another name for vitamin K?
Definition
Menadione
Term
What is another namefor vitamin B1?
Definition
Thiamine
Term
What is another name for vitamin B2?
Definition
Riboflavin
Term
What is another name for vitamin B6?
Definition
Pyridoxine
Term
What is another name for vitamin B12?
Definition
Cobalamin
Term
What is another name for vitamin C?
Definition
Ascorbic acid
Term
What is another name for vitamin B3?
Definition
Niacin
Term
What is another name for vitamin B5?
Definition
Pantothenic acid
Term
What are three functions of thiamine?
Definition

metabolism of CHO,

normal appetite,

digestion

Term
What is the best source of thiamine?
Definition
whole grains
Term
What two groups of patients are most likelyto have a deficiency of thiamine?
Definition

alcholics,

kidney patients

Term
What are the best sources of riboflavin?
Definition

whole grains,

cereals,

milk

Term
Riboflavin deficiency is manifested by _________in the corners of the mouth,_________weight and appetite,_________in the eyes,_________of the lips and tongue.
Definition

cracking,

loss of,

changes,

inflammation

Term
vitamin B6 is important in the transmission of what?
Definition
nerve impulses
Term
When does the vitamin B6 increase?
Definition

during pregnancy,

exposure to radiation

Term
What is the best source of pyridoxine?
Definition

whole grain cereals,

wheat germ

Term
What disease causes a deficiency in B6?
Definition
TB
Term
B12 is important in the ________ _______ of normal red blood cells?
Definition
intrinsic factor
Term
What condition is associated with a B12 deficiency?
Definition
pernicious anemia
Term
What vitamin is useful in lowering blood cholestrol?
Definition
niacin
Term
What foods contain Niacin?
Definition

organ meats,

breads,

cereals,

nuts,

legumes,

yeast

Term
_________is a deficiency disease not commonly seen in the U.S. and is associated with three symptoms which are _________,__________,and_________?
Definition

Pellagra,

diarrhea,

dermatitis,

dementia

Term
Folic acid helps in the formation of ________,a structural protein?
Definition
collagen
Term
What type of vegetables are most likely to contain Folic acid?
Definition
dark green leafy vegetables
Term
Another name for Vitamin C is ________?
Definition
asorbic acid
Term
Vitamin C functions in ______and______healing?
Definition

wound ,

fracture

Term
What does a vitamin C deficiency cause?
Definition

scurvy,

abnormal formation of bones and teeth,

dry skin

Term
What is the best source of vitamin C?
Definition

citrus fruits,

raw fruits,

vegetables,

tomatoes,

potatoes

Term
Vitamin C is needed for the proper absorption of ________?
Definition
antioxidant
Term
The minerals most frequently found to be lacking in the American diet are ________and ______?
Definition

calcium,

iron

Term
What are the three periods of greatest need for calcium?
Definition

childhood,

pregnancy,

lactation

Term
What are the four functions of calcium?
Definition

strong bones and teeth,

blood clotting,

muscle function,

nerve transmission

Term
What is osteomalacia?
Definition
softening of the bones
Term
Which vitamin is necessary in the absorption of calcium?
Definition
D
Term
Phosphorus is found mostly in __________and _______?
Definition

bones,

teeth

 

Term
Besides dairy products, phosphorus is found in high amounts in_________?
Definition

meat,

egg yolk

Term
What interferes with phosphorus absorption?
Definition
antacids
Term
What is the function of iron?
Definition
to carry oxygen to the tissue
Term
What is the best source of iron?
Definition
organ meats
Term
What does a deficiency of iron result in?
Definition
anemia
Term
Iodine is used by the body in the _______gland?
Definition
thyroid
Term
What does a deficiency of iodine result in?
Definition

goiter,

hypothyroidism,

cretinism

Term
What are three functions of potassium?
Definition

normal muscle function,

acid base balance,

fluid balance

Term
What does Potassium deficiency cause?
Definition

muscle weakness,

cardiac arythmia

Term
What class of drugs is closely associated with potassium deficiency?
Definition
diuretics
Term
What are the functions of sodium?
Definition

maintains extracellular water balance,

nerve function,

muscle function

Term
Foods from_______sources are higher than those from________sources?
Definition

animal,

plant

Term
What can excessive ingestion of sodium cause?
Definition

water retention,

thirst

Term
The daily sodium requirement is?
Definition
1 to 3 grams
Term
Chloride
Definition
needed for aid production in the stomach
Term
Fluoride
Definition
prevents dental decay
Term
Magnesium
Definition
needed for nerve impulse conduction
Term
Selenium
Definition
structure of enzymes
Term
Sulfur
Definition
structure of proteins
Term
Zinc
Definition
required for proper insulin function
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