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Nutrition Final Review
hun1201
138
Fitness
Undergraduate 2
04/25/2012

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Cards

Term
Biggest nutritional problem in the US today?
Definition
Obesity
Term
What makes a nutrient inorganic?
Definition
Lack of carbon
Term
How many kcals/g do carbs have?
Definition
4
Term
How many kcals/g do proteins have?
Definition
4
Term
How many kcals/g do fats have?
Definition
9
Term
What are the 4 DRI's (Daily Recommended Intake)?
Definition
Estimated Average Requirement, Recommended Daily Allowance, Adequate Intake, Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Term
The DRI's apply to what population of people?
Definition
Healthy People
Term
What is a chronic disease?
Definition
Long term illness
Term
What is Nutrient Density?
Definition
Nutrient content per k cal
Term
Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US? For supplements?
Definition
FDA
Term
What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely?
Definition
Trans fats
Term
What type of fat do we want to limit?
Definition
saturated fat
Term
When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required, which characteristic of a healthful diet would not be met?
Definition
Adequacy
Term
Define Adequate
Definition
sufficient energy and nutrients
Term
Define Moderate
Definition
not too much, not too little
Term
Define Balanced
Definition
proper portions
Term
Define Diverse
Definition
different food from different food groups
Term
Define "physically active"
Definition
30 minutes most days
Term
Define Hunger
Definition
physiological drive
Term
What protects our stomach from being destroyed by acidity?
Definition
mucous
Term
What does HCl activate in the stomach?
Definition
denatures proteins and converts pepsinogen into active pepsin
Term
What compound is secreted during digestions emulsifies fats?
Definition
bile
Term
What organs make and store bile?
Definition
gallbladder
Term
Where does carb digestion occur?
Definition
in the mouth and small intestine
Term
What enzymes are involved in carb digestion?
Definition
salivary amylase (mouth), pancreatic amylase (small intestine)
Term
intrinsic factor is needed to absorb what nutrient?
Definition
B-12
Term
Which cells in the stomach secrete B-12?
Definition
parietal cells
Term
Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices?
Definition
Gastrin
Term
What is gastrin called?
Definition
HCl, intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, gastrin lipase
Term
List the accessory organs of digestion
Definition
gallbladder, pancreas, liver
Term
Which hormone secreted in the GI tract plays a role in eating behavior and weight regulation?
Definition
Ghrelin
Term
Define Absorption
Definition
process of taking molecules across a cell membrane and into cells of the body
Term
Define Digestion
Definition
large food molecules broken down to smaller molcules
Term
Define elimination
Definition
undigested portions of food and waste products are removed from the body
Term
what enzyme is secreted in the mouth to break down carbs?
Definition
salivary amylase
Term
what enzyme is secreted by the pancreas, and released into the small intestine to break down carbs?
Definition
pancreatic amylase
Term
What are the smallest molecules that make up carbs?
Definition
CHO
Term
What are the smallest molecules that make up proteins?
Definition
amino acids
Term
what type of diet causes ketosis?
Definition
low carb
Term
Define hyperglycemia
Definition
body produces too much insulin when not eating
Term
Define hypoglycemia
Definition
not enough insulin
Term
Define moderate alcohol consumption
Definition
2 drinks/day for men, 1 drink/day for women
Term
Define metabolic tolerance
Definition
liver becomes more efficient in breakdown of alcohol
Term
Define functional tolerance
Definition
show few signs of impairment
Term
What is ADH and what does it do?
Definition
Alcohol Dehydrogenase. Triggers first step in alcohol degradation
Term
Saturated Fats...
Definition
Hydrogen atoms surround every carbon
Term
Why are trans fats not good for your health?
Definition
They raise LDL cholesterol
Term
Monounsaturated fats...
Definition
1 double bond, lack one H atom
Term
Polyunsaturated fats...
Definition
More than one double bond
Term
Name two essential fatty acids
Definition
omega 3 (linolenic) and omega 6 (linoleic)
Term
What does CCK do?
Definition
(cholecystokinin) stimulates secretion of digestive enzymes in pancreas, stimulates gallbladder contractions, and slows gastric emptying in stomach
Term
What does insulin do?
Definition
stimulates glucose transporters to help take glucose from the blood across the cell membrane
Term
what does glucagon do?
Definition
stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose
Term
what is a micelle?
Definition
transports lipid digestion products to intestinal mucousal cell
Term
what is a chylomicron?
Definition
transports dietary fat out of intestinal tracks
Term
what is a phospholipid?
Definition
fatty acid combined with phosphate
Term
what is a triglyceride?
Definition
3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule
Term
How can you determine protein requirements?
Definition
average: .8g/kg
Term
what is the starting molecule in the Kreb's cycle?
Definition
pyruvate
Term
what two compounds combine to form citrate?
Definition
oxaloacetate and acetyl co A
Term
what is a limiting amino acid?
Definition
essential amino acid missing/in small supply. protein synthesis can occur
Term
Define marasumus
Definition
protein energy malnutrition from inadequate protein, energy and other nutrients
Term
Define kwashiorkor
Definition
protein energy malnutrition, typically in infants denied breast milk
Term
Define sickle cell anemia
Definition
genetic cells that cause ABC to be shaped like crescents and causes cell breakage
Term
Define denaturation
Definition
uncoil and lose shape
Term
Define transamination
Definition
transfer of one amine group from an essential amino acid to a different acid group
Term
Define hydrolysis reaction
Definition
large molecule broken apart with addition of water
Term
Define condensation reaction
Definition
simple units combine to form a larger more complex molecule
Term
Define deamination
Definition
Term
Define anabolism
Definition
process of making larger, chemically complex molecules from smaller ones
Term
Define catabolism
Definition
breakdown of larger complex molecules into smaller more basic ones
Term
aerobic environment means that pyruvate will be converted to what molecule?
Definition
Acetyl co A
Term
in the anaerobic environment, pyruvate will be converted into what molecule?
Definition
lactate
Term
can the glycogen released from the muscle raise your blood glucose?
Definition
yes
Term
what is the primary role of B-complex vitamins?
Definition
energy metabolism
Term
chromium is involved in the cellular uptake of which molecule?
Definition
glucose
Term
what is ariboflavinosis?
Definition
riboflavin deficiency- sore throat, swollen mucous membranes
Term
Which vitamins are a part of TTP?
Definition
Thiamin
Term
Which vitamins are a part of PLP?
Definition
B-6
Term
Which vitamins are a part of NADP?
Definition
Niacin
Term
The function of iodine is to produce what hormones?
Definition
thyroid hormones
Term
Pellagra is a deficiency of what nutrient?
Definition
Niacin (B-3)
Term
Which of the B vitamins are involved in metabolism of fatty acids?
Definition
pantothenic acid
Term
What is choline?
Definition
a vitamin-like substance, used in metabolism, cell membranes, and neurotransmission
Term
two common extracellular ion are
Definition
sodium, chloride
Term
two common intracellular ions are
Definition
potassium, phosphorous
Term
what function does ADH have?
Definition
reabsorb water
Term
what organ secretes ADH?
Definition
pituitary gland
Term
what function does aldosterone have?
Definition
retain sodium chloride
Term
what organ secretes aldosterone?
Definition
adrenal glands
Term
chloride is sourced mostly from what food products in their diet?
Definition
table salt
Term
how do we obtain antioxidants?
Definition
vitamins and minerals
Term
what is hypokalemia?
Definition
low blood potassium
Term
what is hyperkalemia?
Definition
high blood potassium
Term
what is hyponatremia?
Definition
low blood sodium
Term
what is hypernatremia?
Definition
high blood sodium
Term
where is phosphorous stored?
Definition
ATP, DNA, RNA, cell membranes, lipoproteins
Term
what can enhance the absorption of phosphorous?
Definition
animal sources
Term
what populations are most likely to become easily dehydrated?
Definition
infants and elderly
Term
what is the major cause of hypertension known?
Definition
primary-unknown, secondary-kidney disease, sleep apnea, alcohol abuse
Term
what antioxidant enzyme removes hydrogen peroxide from the body, with the byproduct of water and oxygen?
Definition
super oxide dismutase*
Term
what do antioxidant vitamins donate to stabilize free radicals?
Definition
electrons or hydrogen molecules
Term
what vitamins could you become deficient in if you had malabsorption of fat?
Definition
vitamin E
Term
what form of vitamin E is most biologically active?
Definition
tocopherol
Term
where is most vitamin E found in the body?
Definition
adipose tissue
Term
iron absorption can be improved by which water-soluble vitamin?
Definition
vitamin c - fruits and veggies
Term
vitamin c is required for the production of what structural protein?
Definition
collagen
Term
smoking increases the RDA for which water soluble vitamin?
Definition
vitamin C
Term
what makes beta-carotene more bioavailable?
Definition
heat - red, orange, yellow, deep green veggies
Term
what is the name of the compact bone that makes up the outer surface?
Definition
cortical
Term
what is hydroxyapatite?
Definition
vitamin K
Term
what is bone remodeling?
Definition
recycling of bone tissue
Term
what do osteoclasts do?
Definition
cells that erode surfaces of bones
Term
what do osteoblasts do?
Definition
bone builders
Term
what hormone is released when blood calcium levels fall?
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
the thyroid gland releases which hormone when calcium levels rise?
Definition
calcitonin
Term
what nutrient increases calcium absorption?
Definition
vitamin D
Term
describe primary role of vitamin K
Definition
blood coagulation and bone metabolism
Term
where is vitamin K produced in the body?
Definition
stored in liver, from green leafy veggies
Term
how can we increase the absorption of dietary magnesium?
Definition
dietary protein
Term
what is fluorosis?
Definition
excess fluoride
Term
during what time of life does bone loss occur in the greatest amount?
Definition
old age
Term
what can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis?
Definition
smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity
Term
name the cells involved in our immune system
Definition
macrophage and natural killer
Term
if you don't consume enough iron, which blood protein will be affected first?
Definition
ferrtin
Term
what are the two storage forms of iron?
Definition
heme iron and non-heme iron
Term
how is zinc transported in the blood?
Definition
attached to albumin
Term
what are the disorders associated with deficiency and toxicity of copper?
Definition
anemia and reduced WBC
Term
if you are pregnant, not consuming enough of which nutrient puts your child at risk for neural tube defects?
Definition
Folate
Term
which nutrient deficiency can be masked by a high folate intake?
Definition
B-12 deficiency
Term
what is pernicious anemia?
Definition
lack of intrinsic factor
Term
what is intrinsic factor?
Definition
B-12
Term
what is thalassemia?
Definition
anemia from genetic problems
Term
which mineral is part of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase?
Definition
selenium
Term
what cells are a part of the nonspecific (innate) immune system?
Definition
macrophage and natural killer
Term
what do macrophage and natural killer do?
Definition
defend against microbes , airborn particles, venom, ingested toxins
Term
what cells are a part of the specific immune function?
Definition
B cells and T cells
Term
What do B cells and T cells do?
Definition
protect against cecognized antigens
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