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Nutrition Exam 4
Final exam review
32
Nutrition
Undergraduate 2
05/04/2016

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Cards

Term
Which micronutrients are needed in greater amounts during pregnancy?
Definition
Protein, folate, iron, zinc, & calcium.
Term
What physical changes in pregnancy account for the increased needs in micronutrients?
Definition
-Mothers need more energy
-Fetus draws on mother's iron and calcium supply
Term
How much calcium does a pregnant women need? Is this higher or lower than for non-pregnant women? Why?
Definition
-1,300 mg for teens and 1,000mg for adults
-Higher, and this is because intestinal absorption of calcium doubles early during pregnancy so at the end of the pregnancy the fetus can draw the calcium from the mother's blood supply
Term
Discuss 2 dietary factors to consider if you are breastfeeding.
Definition
-Alcohol consumption
-Communicable diseases
Term
Why is breast milk superior to formula? Is there anything breast milk lacks?
Definition
Breast milk includes lactoferrin and other factors that protect the infant against infection. It also meets the nutritional needs of the infant.
Term
List 3 benefits of breastfeeding for the infant and for the mother (3 for each).
Definition
Mothers: Emotional bonding to child, stronger bones, better healing postpartum
Infants: Protective factors, growth of friendly bacteria in an infant’s intestinal tract, helps absorb iron.
Term
What is colostrum?
Definition
Contains antibodies and white cells from the mother’s blood
Term
What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy?
Definition
25-35 lbs
Term
How many extra calories does a pregnant women need to eat during her pregnancy? During lactation (breast feeding)?
Definition
340-450cals
Term
How long does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that women exclusively breastfeed?
Definition
6 months
Term
What is a good age to introduce solid foods to babies? What is the best first food?
Definition
6 months
Term
Name three reasons why elderly people may be nutrient deficient.
Definition
-Loss of appetite
-Taking medications that interfere with nutrient absorption
-Poverty
Term
What is the relationship between atrophic gastritis and B12 status in the elderly?
Definition
Atrophic gastritis may lead to a B12 deficiency.
Term
Food borne illness
Definition
Illness occurring as a result of ingesting food or water contaminated with a poisonous substance, such as a toxin or chemical, infectious bacteria.
Term
What are food additives and why are they added to food?
Definition
Any substance added to food, including substances used in production, processing, packaging, storing, or other stages. They are added to enhance the color, taste, texture, or stability/nutritional value of the food.
Term
The refrigerator should be set at ________F. The “danger zone” is between _____ and _____ degrees F.
Definition
-Below 40 degrees
-40 to 140 degrees
Term
List as many food safety mistakes that you can think of. How would you avoid them.
Definition
Mistakes:
-Excessive store-to-fridge lapse time
-Not washing hands before handling food
-Countertop thawing
-Cross contamination
-Using same spoon to taste and stir food
How to Avoid:
-Keep cold foods cold; keep hot foods hot
-Wash hands and surfaces often
-Refrigerate foods as soon as you get home from the grocery store
-Prevent cross contamination

-Refrigerate foods properly
Term
Who are the groups at high risk for foodborne illness?
Definition
-Pregnant Women
-Young Children
-Older Adults
-People with Immune Systems Weekened by Disease or Medical Treament
Term
What is the GRAS List?
Definition
A list of ingredients, established by the FDA, that had long been in use and were believed safe.
Term
Identify three nutrition-related problems of adolescents.
Definition
-Malnourished
-Eating disorders
-Obesity
Term
Toxicity
Definition
The ability of a substance to harm living organisms. All substances are toxic if present in high enough concentrations.
Term
What are some potential risks of genetically engineered foods and crops?
Definition
-Inadequate controls
-Transfer of allergens
-Unpredictability
-Undesired gene movement
-Environmental hazards
Term
What is food insecurity?
Definition
The inability to acquire or consume an adequate quality or sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways.
Term
Food intoxication
Definition
Illness caused by eating food that contains a harmful toxin or chemical.
Term
Foodborne infection
Definition
Illness caused by eating a food containing bacteria or other microorganisms capable of growing and thriving in a person's tissues.
Term
Enterotoxin
Definition
A toxic compound, produced by microorganisms, that harms mucous membranes, as in the gastrointestinal tract.
Term
Neurotoxin
Definition
A poisonous compound that disrupts the nervous system.
Term
Hazard
Definition
State of danger, used to refer to any circumstance in which harm is possible.
Term
Muscle endurance
Definition
The ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly within a given time period without becoming exhausted
Term
Cardiovascular endurance
Definition
Ability of the cardiovascular system to sustain effort over a period of time.
Term
Glycosis
Definition
Anaerobic energy metabolism pathway for the partial breakdown of glucose for energy. Energy released is used for ATP.
Term
Bifidus factor
Definition
Supports the growth of lactobacillus.
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