Term
| Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |
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Definition
| Monitors human illness by tracking the occurrence of foodborne illness; investigates outbreaks and sporadic cases; informing food safety action and policy |
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Term
| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
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Definition
| Responsible for promoting and protecting the public's health by ensuring that the nation's food supply is safe, sanitary, wholesome, and honestly labeled. |
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Term
| United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) |
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Definition
Safeguards the food supply, prevent foorbourne illness, and improve consumers knowledge about the food they eat.
Requires clearer product labels so consumers will know whether products contain added solution that might not be approved. |
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Term
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Definition
Found in poultry, shellfish, and livestock.
Most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in the US.
Sources of infection: undercooked poultry and meats, raw milk, and untreated water. |
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Term
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Definition
Found in canned foods, smoked/salted fish, flavored oils with garlic and herbs, foil-wrapped potatoes at room temp, surface of veggies.
Look out for: clear liquids that are now milky, dented/bulging cans, cracked jars. |
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Definition
| Found in undercooked or raw ground beef, unpasteurized milk, water, juice, and produce (ORGANIC IS BAD!) |
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Term
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Definition
Found in unpasteurized milk and dairy products (especially soft cheeses), meat pates, and processed deli meats.
Common in pregnant women, newborns, and those with weakened immune systems. |
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Term
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Definition
Found in poultry, eggs, unpasteurized milk and dairy products, meats, and on top of reptiles
Most commonly reported cause of foodborne illness. |
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Definition
Found in processed meats (ham and sausage), poultry, eggs, milk/dairy.
Common in food with a lot of prep and handling like salads (tuna, chicken ,pasta, etc.)
Must cook/boil food for 30+minutes to kill toxin. |
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Term
| Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) |
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Definition
Focuses on identification and controlling critical points in food production chain that could be hazardous.
Begins in field/slaughterhouse and ends with service of food.
Designed to prevent foodborne illness |
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Term
| Nutritional Assessment: A |
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Definition
Anthropometric
Height, Weight, IBW, BMI, TSF |
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Term
| Nutritional Assessment: B |
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Definition
Biochemical
Disease Specific: Troponin (Heart Attack), HgbA1C (90 day glucose average), BNP (congestive heart failure), D-dimers (blood clots)
Nutrition Related: Albumin, PreAlbumin, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) , Sodium/Chloride/Potassium (electrolytes). |
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Term
| Nutritional Assessment: C |
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Definition
| Clinical Observation: Medical history, medication history (OTC, vitamins, script, herbals), social history (where they live, etc), eyeball test (visual patient) |
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Term
| Nutritional Assessment: D |
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Definition
| info on a person's food intake may be obtained using one of the following methods: food record, diet history, food frequency questionnaire, nutritional intake analysis (calorie count) |
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Term
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Definition
Blood protein with half life of 20 days and is important in the maintenance of osmotic balance.
Normal levels are 3.5-5mg/dL.
Good indicator of long term nutritional status. |
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Term
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Definition
Blood protein with a half life of 48 hours and is a good indicator of short term nutritional status.
Effected by inflammation (levels go down). |
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Term
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Definition
| Good indicator of inflammatory response |
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Term
| Sodium/Chloride/Potassium |
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Definition
| Collectively known as electrolytes and if the levels are high, this means you're dehydrated. |
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Term
| How to Calculate Daily Protein, Carbs, and Fat Needs |
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Definition
CHO = low end X .5 (/4 for grams)
Protein = low end X .35 (/9 for grams)
Fat = low end X .15 (/4 for grams) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pharmaceutical, Pharmacokinetic (most interactions occur here), Pharmacodynamic. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dissolution or disintegration of a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's physiologic or psychological response to a drug |
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Term
| How does Dilantin(phenytoin) interact with tube feedings? |
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Definition
| It's an anti-seizure/convulsion drug that when the tube feeding binds to it, it prevents absorption of medication. |
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Term
| How do Cipro and Tetracycline interact with dairy? |
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Definition
| They're antibiotics that bind to the calcium in dairy preventing them from being dissolved. |
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Term
| Which group of medications require a patient to be on a low tyramine diet? |
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Definition
MAOIs (1st gen. anti-depressants) can cause BP to skyrocket, killing them via stroke.
Zyvox (Superbug antibiotic) interferes with absorption of meds. |
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Term
| Which group of anti-hypertensive meds should not be taken with grapefruit juice and why? |
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Definition
Calcium Channel Blockers: Norvasc, Cardizem, Procardia.
Taking these with GF juice may cause flushing, headaches, tachycardia (fast heartbeat), and low BP. |
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Term
| Which meds interact with Vitamin K and what do they do? |
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Definition
Coumadin and Warfarin: blood thinners.
Because Vitamin K is a blood clotter, they're antagonistic...nothing will happen. |
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Term
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Definition
Used in prevention/moderation of cold and flu.
ALLERGY: sunflower
Continued use is NOT recommended. |
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Term
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Definition
Used to treat migraines and inflammatory conditions like arthritis.
Don't use if allergic to ragweed or on anticoagulant therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
Used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides.
High doses can cause dermatitis, GI symptoms, and allergic reactions.
Anticoagulant properties. |
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Term
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Definition
Used to nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (1g/day MAX) and motion sickness.
Do NOT use if you have gallstones.
High doses can damage lining of intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
Used for vasodilation, inhibition of blood platelet aggregation, and improved circulation.
Cautious use if on anticoagulant therapy or acetaminophen (acts as blood thinner) |
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Term
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Definition
Used for fatigue, stress, mental performance, immune system, cardiovascular conditions, and diabetes.
Use 2-3 weeks the off for 1-2 weeks.
Prolonged use and/or >200mg/day causes side effects including: insomnia, over stimulation, and GI distress.
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR: Steroid therapy, diabetics, cardiac patients, MAOIs |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for heart conditions like atherosclerosis, mild angina pectoris, and early congestive heart failure. |
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Term
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Definition
Used to treat liver diseases like hepatitis and cirrhosis.
Few side effects if used properly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to reduce symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, enlarged prostate). |
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Term
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Definition
Used as a sleep aid/tranquilizer.
Interacts with sedative-hypnotics, anti-anxiety, and anti-depressant medications. |
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Term
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Definition
Used to treat mild to moderate depression.
Side effects include: emotional vulnerability, fatigue, photosensitivity, weight gain.
Interacts with multiple meds including: script anti-depressants, narcotics, amphetamines, and OTC flu and cold meds. |
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Term
| Calorie content of Lyposene (10% and 20%) and Dextrose |
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Definition
Lyposene 10% = 1.1 kcal/mL
Lyposene 20% = 2 kcal/mL
Dextrose = 3.4 kcal/g |
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Term
| Appropriate times to use TPN |
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Definition
Non-functioning gut.
Pts underdoing: high dose chemo, radiation, bone marrow transplants.
Moderate to severe pancreatitis.
Severe malnutrition in the face of a non-functioning gut.
Severely catabolic patients when the gut is not usable for 5-7 days. |
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Term
| 4 Classes of Tube Feeding Formulas |
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Definition
Polymetric
Partially Hydrolyzed
Disease-Specific
Modular |
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Term
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Definition
Whole protein, whole fat, whole CHO.
Ex: Jevity, Ensure, Isosource, Boost, Nutren, Impact. |
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Term
| Partially Hydrolyzed Formula (Elemental Formulas) |
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Definition
Require little to no digestion.
Good if feeding into jejunum.
Ex: Vivones, Peptines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex: Glucerna and Boost DM for diabetes, Nepro for renal disease, Oxepa and Pulmocare for vent or COPD pts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Build your own formula with one protein, one carb, and one lipid. |
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Term
| Conditions that may require tube feedings |
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Definition
States of hypermetabolism (trauma, burns, sepsis).
Neurologic disease like a stroke or dysphagia.
GI disease.
Psychiatric disease (anorexia, etc.)
Organ System Failure. |
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Term
| 2 types or route for enteral nutrition |
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Definition
Nasoenteric Tubes (placed through nose, designed for short term use; less than 30 days)
Enterostomies (surgically placed in by OR or GI lab and designed for long term use; more than 30 days) |
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Term
| Types of Nasoenteric Tube Feedings |
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Definition
Dubbhoff Tube: Very small and preferred; used in swallow therapy.
NG: Nasogastric (in stomach); placed in bedside by nurse.
ND: Nasoduodenal (in duodenum); placed in by radiology.
NJ: Nasojejunal (in jejunum); placed in GI lab |
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Term
| Types of Enterostomy Feedings |
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Definition
G-Tubes: placed in OR and go through abdominal wall into stomach; CAN use in obese patients.
PEG Tubes: placed in GI lab and go through abdominal wall into stomach; CANNOT use in obese patients.
J-Tubes: placed in jejunum in OR.
PEG-J-Tubes: Combination of PEG and J Tubes and placed in either GI lab or OR; allows for early feeding after surgery. |
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Term
| 3 Methods of Enteral Feedings |
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Definition
Continuous: 24/7 administration; works well in acute or critical care areas.
Intermittent: 12-14 hours periods; works well in rehab or SNF facilities.
Bolus: quick infusion of formula via syringe; works well in nursing homes or home. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Calculate calories for TPN |
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Definition
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Term
| Calculate protein for TPN |
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Definition
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Term
| How to wean patients off of TPN |
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Definition
| Gradually to prevent rebound hypoglycemia; rate is cut in half, then switched to dextrose, then DC'd. |
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Term
| Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition (PPN) |
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Definition
| Similar to TPN but utilizes a peripheral vein; can't infuse as many kcals; must change site every 72 hours. |
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Term
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Definition
Partnership between government and industry.
Food safety education.
Mission is end illness and death from foodbourne infection in the USA. |
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Term
| Delaney Clause of the Food Additives Amendment |
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Definition
| Prohibits the use of any amount of any substance shown to cause cancer in animals or humans. |
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Term
| Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) |
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Definition
| List of commonly used ingredients (salt, pepper, sugar) that do not have to be tested by the same procedures of new foods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Addition of nutrients to replace those lost in processing (like certain B vitamins in bread). |
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Term
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Definition
| Addition of nutrients to enhance the nutritional value (like calcium in OJ). |
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Term
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Definition
| Utilizes low-level radiant energy (electronic beams) to destroy pathogens on outside of foods. |
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Term
| Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) |
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Definition
Used to promote dz resistance, higher yield, or better storage qualities.
Been around for thousands of years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in place of estrogen because it's inactive in humans. |
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Term
| Antibiotics used in both humans and animals |
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Definition
| Penicillin and Tetracycline given at sub-therapeutic levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that may be considered a good or part of a food that provides medical/health benefits (like soy, DHA, omega-3 fatty acids). |
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Term
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Definition
Pork and it's byproducts (gelatin) are forbidden.
Meat must be slaughtered in a humane way (letting blood while speaking name of god); alcohol completely forbidden (even things like vanilla extract). |
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Term
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Definition
What they can eat include: 4peds that chew cud (cattle, sheep, goats, deer), fowl(turkey, chicken, goose, duck, pheasant), fish with scales and find (no shellfish or eels), no blood (meat must be soaked in water, salted, drained and washed 3x).
Can't have milk and meat at same time; must wait 6 hours.
Separate dishes and utensils for dairy and meat. |
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Term
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Definition
According to the FDA, it's a product taken by mouth that contains a "dietary ingredient" intended to supplement the diet.
Label can't make claims of preventing or treating diseases. |
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Term
| When should you NOT use enteral feedings |
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Definition
Malfunctioning gut
Ileus (small bowel kinks off)
Severe GI hemorrhaging
Intractable vomiting and diarrhea |
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Term
| Nutrient Components of Enteral Nutrition |
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Definition
Protein Sources
Carbohydrate Sources
Fat Sources
Vitamins and Minerals
Fluid (all tube feedings are 60-90% free water) |
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