Term
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Definition
A,D,E,K
Stored in human body
Toxicity may occur from excess consumption of food sources |
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Term
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Definition
C,B-Complex
Not stored in body; excreted in urine
Toxicity may occur from excess vitamin supplementation |
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Term
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Definition
Needed in amounts greater than 100mg/day
Include:calcium,phosphorus,sodium,potassium,chloride,magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
Needed in amounts less than 100mg/day
Include:iron,zinc,fluoride,iodine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1mL/kcal consumed for adults
1.5mL/kcal consumed for infants (up to age 1) |
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Term
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Definition
| Can lead to electrolyte imbalance, convulsions, and death |
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Term
| Symptoms of Underhydration (Dehydration) |
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Definition
| thirst, loss of appetite, decreased urination, difficulty concentrating, sleepiness, nausea, dizziness, decreased blood pressure, headaches |
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Term
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Definition
Aid in absorption of certain nutrients
Aids in transmission of nerve signals and muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
Toxicity of sodium
Symptoms:water retention, high blood pressure, increased loss of calcium |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency of sodium
Symptoms: muscle cramps, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, confusion |
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Term
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Definition
Regulates muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission
Helps maintain health BP levels |
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Term
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Definition
Toxicity of potassium
Symptoms: muscle weakness, vomiting, irregular heartbeat, confusion, death |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency of potassium
Symptoms: muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion, tachycardia, cardiac arrest |
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Term
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Definition
| Aids in nerve impulse transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| Important in maintaining bones and teeth |
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Term
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Definition
May occur with kidney disease or excessive intake of phosphorus-containing antacids
Symptoms:muscle spasms, convulsions, low blood calcium levels |
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Term
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Definition
Seen in alcoholics
Symptoms: muscle weakness, bone pain, dizziness |
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Term
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Definition
Compounds that have the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidation
Tame free radicals |
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Term
| Diseases linked to Free Radicals |
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Definition
Cancer
heart Disease
Diabetes
Arthritis
Cataracts
Kidney Disease
Alzheimer's Disease
Parkinson's Disease |
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Term
| Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Toxicity |
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Definition
Inhibits blood clotting
Increases risk of hemorrhagic stroke
Intestinal Discomfort |
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Term
| Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Deficiency |
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Definition
| May cause muscle weakness, leg cramps, and difficulty walking |
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Term
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Definition
Enhances iron absorption
Assists in collagen synthesis
Enhances immune function |
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Term
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Definition
Causes scurvy
Symptoms: follicular hyperkeratosis, swollen and inflamed gums, loose teeth, hemorrhaging of hair follicles, poor wound healing, breakdown of scar tissue, hysteria, depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Can cause: hyperosmolar diarrhea, a false positive test for sugar in urine, nosebleeds |
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Term
| Functions of Beta-Carotene |
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Definition
| Enhances immune system, protects skin from sun's UV rays, protects eyes from oxidative damage |
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Term
| Toxicity of Beta-Carotene |
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Definition
| Carotenosis or Carotenodermia (yellowing of the skin) |
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Term
| Functions of Vitamin A (Retinol) |
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Definition
| Vision, helps maintain body coverings and linings, contributes to healthy bone growth, necessary for sperm production in men and fertilization in women. |
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Term
| Vitamin A (Retinol) Deficiencies |
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Definition
| Night blindness (Nyctalopia),Xerophthalmia (affects cornea of eyes), Keratinization (epithelial tissues become hardened and flattened), follicular hyperkeratosis, inability to reproduce |
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Term
| Vitamin A (Retinol) Toxicity |
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Definition
| Miscarriage or birth defects, loss of appetite, blurry vision, hair loss, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, liver and nervous system damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Build and maintain bones and teeth, maintains normal nerve transmission, supports muscle contraction and relaxation, regulates blood pressure and blood clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
Controlled by Vitamin D
Decreased by oxalic acid and phytic acid
High protein and sodium diets lead to increased calcium loss |
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Term
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Definition
Causes osteoporosis
Bone matrix doesn't have proper support and bones fracture easily |
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Term
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Definition
| Female body fat falls below 12% leading to a decrease in estrogen production which causes amenorrhea (no period) and the body begins to age at an increased rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| May cause calcification of soft tissue and bone and may cause kidney stones |
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Term
| Vitamin D (Calciferol) Toxicity |
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Definition
| Causes loss of appetite, diarrhea, confusion, formation of calcium deposits in the kidney, liver, and heart, and increased bone loss |
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Term
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Definition
Vitamin D deficiency
Occurs in children
Symptoms: Bow legs, pot belly, beading of the ribs and frontal bossing of the skull |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs in adulthood
Prolonged softening of the bones
Symptoms: rheumatic-type pain and general weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes hypomagnesemia which results in low blood calcium levels, muscle cramps, seizures, irritability, and confusion |
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Term
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Definition
Occur from rapid IV infusion and pharmacological excess
Causes: diarrhea, abdominal cramps, massive dehydration, cardiac arrest |
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Term
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Definition
Maintains health of teeth and bones
Protects against cavities
Stimulates new bone growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes increased tooth decay and cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes teeth and skeletal fluorosis (brown staining and pitting of the teeth and bones) |
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Term
| Vitamins B1 (Thiamin) Deficiency |
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Definition
Generally seen in alcoholics
Causes beriberi (confusion, peripheral paralysis, tachycardia, and an enlarged heart. |
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Term
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)Deficiency |
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Definition
Occur in combination with deficiencies of other water-soluble vitamins.
Symptoms: photophobia, loss of visual acuity, soreness and burning of the lips mouth and tongue, glossitis |
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Term
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin)Deficiency |
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Definition
Severe leads to pellagra
Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
Sore tongue (beef tongue) |
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Term
| vitamin B3 (Niacin) Toxicity |
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Definition
Should be used under medical supervision because it's used to lower cholesterol
Should NOT be used with asthmatics or peptic ulcer disease due to histamine response elicited with a large dose |
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Term
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency |
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Definition
| Occurs in women using hormone-based birth control, or with the use of a drug used to treat TB |
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Term
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Toxicity |
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Definition
| Excessive supplementation can cause sensory neuropathy and ataxia |
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Term
| Functions of Folate (Folic Acid) |
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Definition
Lowers homocysteine levels in the blood (high levels associated with heart disease)
Helps prevent neural tube defects including spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia (big RBCs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorbed in the terminal ileum and requires intrinsic factor for absorption |
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Term
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency |
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Definition
| Pernicious anermia leading to permanent nerve damage, fatigue, abnormal gait, memory loss, poor concentration, disorientation, dementia |
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Term
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Definition
Phylloquinone from plants
Menaquinone which is synthesized by intestinal bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Necessary for formation and maintenance of blood clotting factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Can cause hemorrhagic disease of the newborn |
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Term
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Definition
Causes: hypochromic microcytic anemia
Symptoms: fatigue, pale skin, depressed immune function, impaired memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused from hemosiderosis (excess iron stored in body), hemochromatosis (rare genetic disease), repeated blood transfusions |
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Term
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Definition
May result from malabsorption, starvation, increased losses in the body
May result in: short stature, hypogonadism, hypoguesia, poor wound healing, hair loss, delayed sexual maturation and impotence |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of appetite, headaches, intestinal pain and cramps, depressed immune function |
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