Coenzymes in reactions

Carbon Carriers

Help organic nutrients to release energy

Used in cell production

Assists with DNA replication

Important in neurological function, protects nerve fibers

Regenerates Folate

Important in synthesis of DNA

Helps in collagen formation

Wound healing

Collagen in blood vessels

Antioxidant

Antihistimine

At high doses can lower blood cholesterol levels.

Too high of a dose, too quickly is dangerous and can immediately RAISE BP.

Fortified: Addition of nutrients that were not originally present or present in insignificant amounts

Enriched: Addition of nutrients that were lost during processing so that food will meet a specified standard

1. Other vitamins or minerals in the food

2. Source of food (frozen, canned, raw)

3. Method of preparation

4. Cutting before cooking or cutting before washing

5. Refrigeration

How to calculate BMR (if given a weight)

ex. 150 pounds

Glycogen stores have been used.

Adipose tissue cannot be converted to glucose.

Muscle tissue is converted into glucose.

Amount of muscle greatly affects basal metabolic rate.

Low calorie diets, massive weight loss quickly. You lose a lot of muscle. You burn less calories when you are sedentary. And as soon as you eat normally again, you will put the weight right back on and you will actually gain more adipose tissue than before. This is the yo-yo diet. Weight lost doesn't stay off.

What factors affect BMR (basal metabolic rate)

Calcium- bone strength, muscle contractions

Iron- for o2 supply

Vitamin E- repari from oxidative damage

Water

Calorie-increase by 300-350/day in 2nd trimester. 400-450/day in 3rd trimester. Carbs should be 50% of calories

Protein- increase by 25 grams/day in first trimester

BMI-30 or greater.

Increases risk for gestational diabetes, high BP, postpartum infections, increased need for c section, higher rate of spontaneous abortions, higher risk of birth defects (heart abnormalities, neural tube defects)

Do not lose weight during pregnancy, just dont gain as much during pregnancy

First trimester and prior to conception = critical periods

Most of organs are developing during this period.

Quality of diet is much more important than quantity at this time.

Cell division and cells enlarging at this time, poor nutrition will cause irreversible damage during this time (cell division) and may be recovered (cell enlarging)

If weight is normal before pregnancy: 25-35 pounds

If weight is underweight: 28-40 pounds

If weight is obese: 11-20 pounds.

Weight gain pattern- first trimester: 3-4 pounds

2nd & 3rd trimester: 1 pound per week

Hardest nutrient to obtain during pregnancy

Needs enough iron for own body and supply RBC needs of baby. Mom gives baby 6th month supply of iron at birth.

Absorption improves during pregnancy.

Need about 30-60mg extra in prenatal vitamin

Add vitamin C or acidic drink to increase absorption

Iron deficiency anemia is associated with low birth weigh

Diabetes just during pregnancy, seen around the 2nd trimester

Usually resolves after pregnancy. If it is not treated during pregnancy, baby is born with a high birth weight and sometimes birth defects.

Glucose diet. Diet, watch carbs (avoid high glycemic foods, whole grain carbs, same diet as other diabetics) Insulin may be prescribed.

Herbal supplements, fish oil supplements

Seafood, unpasturized milk/milk products (listeria)

Raw eggs, homemade ice cream (salmonella)

Shark, sword fish, makarel

1000-1300 mg

Absorption improves dramatically during pregnancy. With increased absorption, the amount needed is met.

Infants need about 100 calories/kg

Have the highest needs of any age group.

(adult is around 24-25 c/kg)

Needs are so high for the extreme growth that will occur in the first 6th months.

Easier to digest. (protein) Need to eat more than bottle fed infant because breast milk is digested much faster than formula. Vitamin and mineral content is lower, easier for baby to absorb. Alpha lactalbumin (this is the protein that is easier to digest, less GI upset, easier on kidneys)

Colostrum in the first milk (antibodies and WBCs)

Extremely high compared to an adult needed for G&D.

Birth to 6 months do not need any supplements.

At 6 months may need vitamin D, fluoride, and iron.

Women of childbearing age 400 micrograms

During pregnancy, good diet and prenatal vitamin

30 days before conception and first trimester

Prevents neural tube defects

Insulin dependent/juvenile diabetes

5-10% of cases

No insulin production, require insulin injections daily

Malnutrition and muscle wasting are more common with this type

Caused by autoimmune disorder/environmental toxins/infections/genetic

Insulin is produced by body but it cannot recognize it

Related to obesity

Symptoms are not as noticeable

Control glucose, time carbs with insulin injections

maintain weight, prevent fasting stage 2

maintain adequate growth in children

calories planned to meet energy needs

Weight loss is main goal

calories to promote healthy weight loss

Control and maintain glucose

prevent long term complications with glucose control

Carbs: 15 grams per serving

Protein: 7 grams per serving

Fat: 5 grams per serving

Methods for monitoring blood glucose levels

Finger stick vs. HgbA1C

Finger stick:

daily and short term monitoring

Glycated Hemoglobin (HgbA1C):

measures amount of glucose on a RBC and gives a long term (3-4 month) look on glucose control

Bone formation

Prevention of colon cancer

Helps to lower BP

Prevents obesity

Helps muscles, nerves, blood clotting

"Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension"

Recommends a high calcium intake (low fat dairy products), high potassium intake (fruits and vegetables), and low sodium diet.

Never take more than 500mg per dose

Take with acidic drink

8-12 hours between doses

Do not take with coffee or tea

Milk and milk products

yogurt

broccoli

almonds

fortified orange juice

supplements

Menopause

Caucasian Race

Smoking

Lack of weight bearing exercise

Diets low in calcium

Diets too high in animal protein/sodium/caffeine

Most difficult mineral for body to absorb, only about 20%

Heme: lean red meat (beef) and poultry (good sources of iron)

Non Heme: legumes, whole grain breads and pasta, tofu/soy (not as good sources of iron)

Transferrin

Hemoglobin

% Saturation

Consists of globin (2 alpha and 2 beta chains)

4 heme groups

Carries iron

What is the RDA for normal adults?

For adults with heart diesease?

Normal adults: 2300mg

Heart disease/hypertension/older adults: 1500mg

Enlarged thyroid

Large lump in throat, visible