Term
What are the different forms of energy?
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Definition
Heat
Mechanical
electrical
chemical
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Term
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Definition
| How body obtains and uses energy from food |
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Term
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Definition
| Releases Energy, Breaks things down like Larger molecules into smaller molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires energy, joins smaller molecules to make bigger molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of energy in reactions. This is released during breakdpwn of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acits. |
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Term
| What is a coupled reaction? |
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Definition
Energy released from catabolism and used in anabolism.
Chemical reaction with a common intermediate in which energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other. An example is the formation of ATP which is an endergonic process and is coupled to the dissipation of a proton gradient
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Term
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Definition
| facilitators of metabolic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Associates with enzymes. Without coenzyme, an enzyme cannot function. Organic |
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Term
| What is cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| Break down of glucose into energy. |
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Term
| What happens in glycolosis? |
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Definition
Glucose becomes two pyruvate acids
Happens in the cytopasm of the cell.
Four ATP's are made and two are used up, making it a net gain of two ATP.
Two NADH
Anaerobic |
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Term
| How many ATPs are made from on NADH from One FADH2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the transition reaction of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
Pyruvate becomes acetyle CoA.
Pyruvates have two options: Quick energy needs (anaerobic): pyruvate to lactate
Slower energy needs (aerobic)- pyruvate to acetyl CoA |
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Term
| What happens in the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many total ATP's produced from one glucose molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the end product of fermentation? |
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Definition
| Lactic Acid in the muscles |
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Term
| What is the process called from glucose to pyruvate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can glycolosis be reversed ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can pyruvate to acetyl CoA be reversed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Before an amino acid can be used for energy, What has to happen to it? |
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Definition
| deamination, the amino group needs to be pulled away also the hydrogen and ammonia is produced and the ammonia then turned into urea by the liver. The kidneys get rid of the urea. (7:00) |
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Term
| When you are fasting how is your blood glucose maintained? |
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Definition
| It takes the stored glycogen from the liver which can last for half a day. And then when its done it goes to the proteins and its amino acids that turned into glucose. proteins from the muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| when protein starts to break down to get glucose. |
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Term
| What is produced as a result of fat breakdown to glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the ketones used for? |
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Definition
| used by all of the body cells for energy. the brains can use it but parts of the brain have to have glucose. Thats when you go into ketosis. |
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Term
| Who does alcohol benefit? |
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Definition
| people the ages 35 and above |
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Term
| How much alcohol does one drink contain? |
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Definition
| 1/2 ounces of pure ethanol |
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Term
| How can you slow down alcohol absorption? |
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Definition
| by drinking slowly, one drink an hour. |
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Term
| What can you eat to slow down alcohol absorption? |
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Definition
| high carb snacks and high fat snacks. |
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Term
| What are the two enzymes involved in alcohol digestion? |
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Definition
| ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) and Acetadehyde |
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Term
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Definition
| Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system |
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Term
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Definition
| System of enzymes that not only breaks down alcohol but also breaks down drugs. (breaks down drugs and alcohol.) Its effective in people that consume alcohol regularly. If you drink once in a while then you have the alcohol dehydralase. |
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Term
| What blood alcohol level is considered intoxicated? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many calories does alcohol provide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the deficiency disease that is frequently seen in alcoholics? |
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Definition
| Verniki Kersoscoff syndrome |
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Term
| Which B vitamin is Verniki kersoscoff deficiency of? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many drinks are females recommended per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many drinks are recommended for males per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the water soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a precursor or pro vitamin? |
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Definition
| something that is converted to the vitamins (active form) in the body. |
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Term
| What do the B vitamins function as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is thiamin's (B1) coenzyme? |
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Definition
| TPP (Thiamin pyrophosphate) |
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Term
| How much thiamin is recommended per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the deficiency disease caused by the lack of thiamin? |
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Definition
| BeriBeri (for alcohols its verniki corscoff syndrom) |
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Term
| What is the best food source for thaimin? |
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Definition
| pork, acorn, squash, fortified foods, enriched foods. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two coenzymes of riboflavin? |
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Definition
| FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) |
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Term
| What are the recommendation of riboflavin per day? |
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Definition
1.3mg for males
1.1mg for females |
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Term
| What is the deficiency of riboflavin called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of ariboflavinosis? |
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Definition
| inflammation, angular stomachitis, kelosis, glocytis |
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Term
| Best source of riboflavin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What destroys riboflavin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the third B vitamin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two coenzymes of Niacin? |
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Definition
| NAD (Nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotide) and NADP ( the phosphate form) |
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Term
| What are the recommendation of niacin? |
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Definition
16 NE/Day Male
14 NE/Day Female
NE( Niacin Equivalent) |
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Term
| Can the body make niacin? If so by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much tryptophan would you need to make one milligram of niacin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the recommendation of niacin per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the deficiency of Niacin? |
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Definition
Pellagra which is dry skin
It was in southern US when people ate alot of corn |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of pellagra? |
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Definition
| Four D's: Diarrhea, Demotysis, Demulation, death |
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Term
| What is the niacin flush? |
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Definition
| Whe you take large doses of niacin and is used medically because it is believed to dilate your blood vessels. |
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Term
| Which food contains a substance that breaks food and prevents the absorption of biotin? |
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Definition
| raw eggs whites (egg whites not the yoke) it contains abatin |
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Term
| What is the adequate intake of Biotin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vitamin is a part of coenzyme A? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the adequate intake for pantothenic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the coenzyme form of B6? |
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Definition
| PLP which is important in amino acid and protein metabolism which is stored exclusively in muscle tissues |
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Term
| What are the three forms of B6? |
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Definition
| pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine |
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Term
| What is the recommendation of B6? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are antagonist(destroys) of B6? |
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Definition
| Alcohol and isoniazid (medications to treat TB) |
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Term
| What does large doses of B6 do? |
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Definition
| degenerations of the nerves |
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Term
| What are the names of folate? |
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Definition
| folacin or folic acid or pteryolglutanic acid |
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Term
| What is the coenzyme of folate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is folate usually attached to in foods? |
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Definition
| polyglutamate (27:00) In the large intestin, difestion breaks the glutamates off leaving the folate bound to one glutamate (monoglutamate) and folate is absorbed and delivered to cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| B12 which is irreversible |
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Term
| What are the recommendations of folate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is bioavalability synthetic folate? |
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Definition
| getting folate from pills. and it is 1.7 times more available than food folate |
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Term
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Definition
| to prevent neural tube defect in pregnant women |
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Term
| What is the neural tube defect? |
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Definition
| causes spinal bifita and anbefany (lack of brain development) |
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Term
| Why should you not take large doses of folate? |
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Definition
| because it will mask the presence of B12 definency |
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Term
| What type of anemia does the deficiency of folate and B12 cause? |
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Definition
| macrocitic anemia (red blood cells are huge) or megaloblastic anemia |
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Term
| What kinds of food are rich in folate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name of B12? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is made in the stomach to bind B12? |
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Definition
| Intrinsic factor (its genetic and some people dont have this which means they wont have B12 in their body) |
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Term
| Where does the absorption of B12 happen? |
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Definition
| small intestine and intrinsic factor is excreted |
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Term
| What is the recommendation of B12? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anemia caused by B12 deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exclusively in animal foods so vegans have to have supplements |
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Term
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Definition
| its an antioxidant and enhances iron absorption |
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Term
| Whats another name for vitamin C? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much vitamin C would you need to prevent overt symptoms of scurvy? |
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Definition
10 mgs a day.
Smokers would need 35 more mg extra
Male 95 mg, Female 75 Mg) |
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Term
| What are the signs of vitamin C deficiency? |
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Definition
| bleeding gum, capillaries under the skin break, red spots on your skin (pin point hemorrhage) |
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Term
| What is vitamin c deficiency called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the best sources of vitamin c? |
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Definition
| fruits and vegetables especially citric fruits |
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Term
| What are the fat solubles of vitamins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the fat soluble vitamins if you take too much? |
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Definition
| its is stored in the liver and adipose tissues |
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Term
| What is the precursor of Vitamin A? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three form of Vitamin A? |
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Definition
| retinol, retinal and retinoic acid |
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Term
| Where do you find beta carotene? |
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Definition
| plant foods , egg yoke has some too |
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Term
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Definition
| supports productions, major transport and storage form |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regulates cell differentiation, growth and embryonic development, protein synthasis |
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Term
| What vitamin A are irreversibile? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first sign/symptom of vitamin A deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does vitamin A deficiency cause? |
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Definition
| all the cells get keratin |
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Term
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Definition
| hard, inflexible protein of hair and nails (keratinization) |
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Term
| What can happen if you consume alo of beta carotene? |
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Definition
| skin turns yellow also antioxidant becomes a pro-oxidant and produces free radicals |
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Term
| What are the recommendations of vitamin A? |
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Definition
900 micrograms males RAE
700 micrograms females RAE |
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Term
| One RAE is how many micrograms of retinol? |
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Definition
1 (REA= retinal activity equivalent)
or 12 micrograms beta carotene |
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Term
| How many international units of retinal is one RAE? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two organs that activate vitamin D? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the precursor of vitamin D? |
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Definition
| 7 dehydrocholesterol (made in the liver from cholesterol) |
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Term
| How is the Vitamin D converted? |
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Definition
| In the skin the 7 dehydrocholesterol becomes previtamin D3 when your get ultraviolet light from the sun. The pre vitamin becomes vitamin D3 then hydroxylation. In the Liver its becomes calcidiol and then in the kidneys it becomes calcitriol. |
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Term
| What is the main role of Vitamin D? |
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Definition
| maintain blood calcium levels its raises. prevents the loss of calcium, increases the absorptions of calcium (48:00) |
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Term
| What is the vitamin D deficiency called? |
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Definition
| rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (adults rickets) |
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Term
| What happens if you have too much vitamin D? |
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Definition
| Stones in the Kidney called nephrocalcinosis |
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Term
| What are some good food sources of vitamin D? |
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Definition
| oily fish, egg yoke, fortified milk |
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Term
| What is the recommendations of vitamin D? |
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Definition
| 15 micrograms a day, 10 to 20 min sun exposure per day |
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Term
| What does vitamin E belong to? |
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Definition
| a group of compounds called tocopherol |
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Term
| What are the four different tocopherol compounds? |
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Definition
| alpha, beta, gamma, delta |
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Term
| Which tocopherol is the most efficient in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of vitamin E? |
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Definition
| Antioxidant and and protects the LDL from oxidation (loosing electrons to free radicals.) This forms plaque in your body. |
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Term
| What type of anemia does vitamin E deficiency cause? |
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Definition
| erythrocyte, hemolytic anemia (red blood cells with split open and spill its contents because the lipids are oxidized) |
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Term
| What is the recommendation of Vitamin E? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vitamin is made in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is vitamin K need for? |
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Definition
| essential for blood clotting |
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Term
| How is vitamin K essential for blood clotting? |
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Definition
| Its needed for the liver to make a protein called protrombin |
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Term
| What are the recommendation of vitamin K? |
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Definition
120 micrograms males
90 micrograms females |
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Term
| What are the food sources of Vitamin K? |
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Definition
| vegetable oils and green vegetables |
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Term
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Definition
| something that has one or more unpaired electron. |
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Term
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Definition
| provide electron that free radical is looking for so that the free radical does not steal any electrons from important molecules in the body (DNA, RNA, Protein) |
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Term
| What are the three important antioxidant vitamins? |
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Definition
| Vitamin C, E, and beta carotene |
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