Term
| What chemical groups make up an amino acid? |
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Definition
Amino group
Alpha group
Carboxyl group
*R = a unique side chain |
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Term
| What is the difference between a D and L amino acid? |
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Definition
L amino acids: enzymatic synthasis and required form for biological use
D amino acid: chemical synthasis produced 50% D, generally inactive unless converted |
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Term
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Definition
-tissue constituent
-locamotion/work
-storage of energy
-structure
-transport of nutrients
-lubrication and protection
-blood proteins
-enzymes
-hormones
-antibodies |
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Term
| What determines the stucture of a protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does crude protein analysis measure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What characteristic of a protein source determines its biological value? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which a feed or a diet matches the amino acid needs of the animal |
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Term
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Definition
| If an animal responds to addition of a single amino acid to the diet, that amino acid is likely a limiting amino acid |
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Term
| What process would help synthesize a limiting amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is transcribed to mRNA in the nucleus, Uracil replaces Thyamine in RNA, mRNA is the length of a single gene |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA is translated to a protein by rhibosomes in the cytosol, tRNA carries amino acids to the cite, each set of 3 mRNA nucleotides encodes a given amino acid |
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Term
| What are 5 ways in which a horomone can alter the metabolism of nutrients in a cell? |
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Definition
1. Transcription of genes
2. Translation of proteins
3. Activity of proteins
4. Cellular location of proteins
5. Degredation of proteins |
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Term
| Where are each of the macrominerals found in the body and what are their roles? |
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Definition
-Calcium: skeleton and teeth, nerve signal transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting
-Phosphorus: skeleton and soft tissues
-Magnesium:50%bone, rest in cells
-Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine: tissue and cellular fluids
-Sulfur |
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Term
| What are the roles of growth hormone? |
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Definition
-growth hormone: secreted from the pituitary gland, stimulates mobilization of body fat, stimulated secretion of insulin like growth factor (IGF-1)
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Term
| How is calcium hormonally regulated? |
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Definition
3 hormones:
-Calcitonin: bring back to normal when too high
-Parathyroid Hormone: raise when too low
-Vitamin D: raise when too low |
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Term
| Macromineral toxicities and deficiencies |
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Definition
-Calcuim deficiency: Rickets, Calcuim tetany, Perparturient Pariesis (Milk fever)
-Phosphorus deficiencies: Pica, Rickets
-Low Calcium and Phosphorus ratios: big head and distorted snout
-Magnesium issues: calssification of soft tissues & skeletal deformities-most common with excess calcium and phosphorus, grass tetany (PEM) |
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Term
| Why is crude protein analysis sometimes a problem? |
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Definition
| doesn't distinguish between protein amino acids and non-protein nitrogen |
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Term
| How is protein quality measured? |
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Definition
| nitrogen digestibility, nitrogen retention, and biological value |
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Term
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Definition
-produced in liver as product of amino acid catabolism
-form of non-protien nitrogen
-source of nitrogen for bacteria
-found in the bloodstream of all mammals |
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Term
| What are 2 sources of absorbed protein in ruminants? |
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Definition
| bypass protein and microbial protein |
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Term
| How does homeostasis relate to biology of central dogma? |
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Definition
| its maintained by regulating activity of proteins which is a main compnent of the dogma |
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Term
| How do absorption mechanisms shift with high and low dietary minerals? |
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Definition
-high: interferes with other mineral absorption and decreases feed intake
-low: inhibits absorption of minerals being given in a low ratio |
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Term
| How does insulin work to decrease blood glucose? |
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Definition
-insulin causes glucose to be taken up by the muscle and adipose tissue
-changes actions of intracellular machinery
-causes it to be stored as fat
-insulin activates glycogen synthetase and deactivates glycogen phosphoryalse this takes it in the cells and stores it in glycogen |
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Term
| What feed constituants or situations alter mineral absorption, cause deficiency, or cause toxicity/ |
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Definition
-mineral absorption: high ratios of mineral
-cause deficiency: to little of a mineral
-cause toxicity: to much of a mineral |
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Term
| What are the roles of thyroid hormone? |
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Definition
| -thyroid hormone: increases overall metabolic rate, greater secretion in cold weather contributes to greater heat production, necessary for normal growth and lactation |
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