Term
organic compounds that are relatively insoluble in water and soluble in solvents such as ether |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 classifications of lipids? |
|
Definition
simple lipids
compound lipids
sterols
prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| What are some simple lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some compound lipids? |
|
Definition
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a nutrient, simple lipids are very energy dense; they contain a high concentration of _?_ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
- esters of fatty acids with glycerol
- are energy storage molecules
- main constituent in vegetable oils and animal fats
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triacylglycerol is what type of lipid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is triacylglycerol made up of? |
|
Definition
| a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids |
|
|
Term
Calories ingested in a meal and not used immediately by tissues are converted to ____ and transported to fat cells to be stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-
result from the combination of fatty acids and mono-hydroxy and di-hydroxy alcohols
-
high melting points
-
not digestible by animals
-
usually secreted by plants and animals for protective coatings (forages),
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 main criteria for fatty acids |
|
Definition
1. Chain length of fatty acids
2. Double bonds
3. Physical Properties of the fatty acid in a fat determines the properties of that fat
|
|
|
Term
As C chain length ↑, melting point ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the # of double bonds ↑, melting point ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-
contain carbon-carbon double bonds
-
Not packed tightly….very loose
-
Presence of double bonds decreases the melting point
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In unsaturated fatty acids, there are 2 ways in which the
hydrocarbon tail can be arranged around a C=C double
bond. What are they?
|
|
Definition
Cis bond-the two pieces of the carbon chain on either side of the double bond are either both “up” or both “down”
Trans bond -the two pieces of the molecule are on opposite sides of the double bond, that is, one “up” and one “down” across from each other
|
|
|
Term
Explain the nomenclature:
Linoleic acid, C18:2ω9 |
|
Definition
18 Carbon chain
2 double bonds (polysaturated)
double bond starts at the 9th Carbon |
|
|
Term
| Lipids that contain some other chemical group (P, CHO, protein) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-
glycerol with fatty acids attached to the 2 and 3 position and one or two moles of CHO attached at the # 1 position
-
make up ~60% of the lipids in forages (CHO is usually galactose)
-
they provide energy and serve as markers for cellular recognition
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycolipids extend from the ______ into the
aqueous environment outside the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of glycolipids in the phospholipid bilayer: |
|
Definition
acts as a recognition site for specific chemicals
help to maintain stability of the membrane and help
attach cells to one another to form tissues |
|
|
Term
-
glycerol with the 1 and 2 position containing a fatty acid and the third containing phosphoric acid and a nitrogen base
-
Part of cell membranes and of the lipid transport molecules (lipoproteins and chylomicrons)
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lipoproteins are classified according to increasing density, what are they? |
|
Definition
Chylomicrons
VLDL or very low density lipoproteins
Largely composed of TAG, CE, and free Cholesterol
LDL or low density lipoproteins
Largely composed of Cholesterol (bad)
Contributes to atherosclerosis (blocking of arteries)
HDL or high density lipoproteins
Contains more protein (good)
Transfers CE back to the liver or tissues |
|
|
Term
Compounds derived from a phenanthrene structure which has four fused nonpolar rings
Is the root structure for several lipophillic molecules such as:
•Cholesterol
•Ergosterol (plant product)
•Bile acids
•Adrenal hormones (cortisol)
•Sex hormones (testosterone) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The central core sterol, which consists of four fused rings, is shared by all ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different steroids? |
|
Definition
Estrogen (estradiol)
Progesterone
Corticosteroids such as cortisol (cortisone), aldosterone, and testosterone
Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-
Found only in animals
-
Sources come from diet, and it is synthesized from acetate in the liver (not a dietary essential)
-
Concentration in blood is monitored by negative feedback, i.e. when intake ↑ synthesis ↓
-
Present in high conc. in egg yolks, dairy products, and meats
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Our bodies make about _?_ g of cholesterol per day
-makes up about _?_% of blood cholesterol
-approx _?_% comes from dietary sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-
Contain 20 carbon atoms and a 5-membered ring; are synthesized from arachidonic acid
-
Involved in reproduction and in lipolysis of adipose tissue, and they affect the action of some hormones
-
Exist and synthesized in almost every cell in the body
-
Stimulate uterine smooth muscle, influence lipid metabolism and mediate inflammation
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of prostaglandins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PGF2alpha is important for the regression of the CL, what is this process called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of lipids? |
|
Definition
energy supply
provide essential fatty acids
carrier of the fat soluble vitamins |
|
|
Term
| What makes a fatty acid essential? |
|
Definition
position of the first double bond from the methyl group end
fatty acid synthesis in mammals is dependent upon certain enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What is the precursor for arachidonic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is DHA and why is it important? |
|
Definition
docosahexanoic acid
Important for fetal and infant development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This fat is present in large amounts in hibernating animals and newborns; thermal insulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fatty acids are usually ingested as ___ which cannot be absorbed by the intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does majority of lipid digestion occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pancreatic lipases that breakdown lipids? |
|
Definition
phospholipases
cholesterolases |
|
|
Term
| small aggregates of mixed lipids and bile salts in the ingesta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are assembled in the intestinal mucosa as a means to transport dietary cholesterol and triacylglycerols to the rest of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process where the plasma membrane makes an opening and ingests material that is outside the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ruminant diet contains fats with large numbers of (unsaturated/ saturated) fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the essential fatty acids |
|
Definition
linoleic acid
linolenic acid
arachidonic acid(conditional) |
|
|
Term
| This can be found in meat and dairy products from ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are chylomicrons taken up and broken down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do fats added to animal feed do? |
|
Definition
- increase the energy concentration of the diet
- decrease dustiness and improve immediate environment for humans and animals
- increase palatibility of the diet
- improves the texture of the diet
- makes pelleting easier and decreases wear of machinery
- asorption of fat soluble vitamins and supplies essential FA
|
|
|
Term
| What are the types of fat as a feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animal fat(as a feed) contains more_____ fatty acid and can be solid at room temp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant fat (as a feed) is composed of _____ fatty acid and is liquid at room temp |
|
Definition
| mono and poly unsaturated |
|
|
Term
| Is high density lipoprotein considered good or bad cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This gives an indication of the chain length and number of fatty acid in a fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This gives an indication of the number of double bonds in a fatty acid, degree of un-saturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is used more often?
Saponification number or iodine number? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In analysis of fat using iodine number, the higher the number the ____ the number of double bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When using saponification number, the higher the number the _____ the chain length |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of rancidity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of rancidity is caused from the splitting of the fatty acid from the glycerol backbone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of rancidity occurs in fats with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of rancidity can reduce the nutrional quality of the feed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What synthetic antioxidant is added to feed to prevent oxidative rancidity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
- organic compound
- natural component of foods
- essential in minute amounts for normal metabolic function
- specific defiency syndrome
- inadequate synthesis by host
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the function of vitamins? |
|
Definition
Maintenance of tissue structure and function
Regulate reactions as coenzymes |
|
|
Term
| What is the biologically active form of vitamin A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is vitamin A important? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some sources of vitamin A? |
|
Definition
carotenoids (red peppers, carrots, sweet potatoes, mangos)
beef liver and fish liver oils |
|
|
Term
| Where is vitamin A stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ocular lesions, xerophthalmia, and nyctalopia (night blindness) are signs of a defiency in ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin is known as the "sunshine vitamin" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
| 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol |
|
|
Term
| What are the sites of vitamin D activation in the order they occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first activation step of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
| 7-Dehydrocholesterol is converted to cholecalciferol in the skin |
|
|
Term
| What is the second activation step of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
| cholecalciferol is converted to 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol in the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the final activation step of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is converted to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the the kidney |
|
|
Term
| In bones, Vit. D acts upon osteoblasts to ___ synthesis of osteocalcin, a Ca-binding protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol produced by the kidneys is controlled by which hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vit. D aids in the absorption of these minerals across the intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some sources of Vit. D? |
|
Definition
| Seafood, fish livers, poultry skin, eggs |
|
|
Term
| Rickets, osteomalcia, kidney disorders, and hypoparathyroidism are defiencies in which vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin has an antioxidant function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin is the most abundant fat-soluble antioxidant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If feeding a vitamin and that vitamin is found in the feces, what does that mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nutritional muscular dystrophy, white muscle disease in lambs, encephalomalacia (membrane permeability), and embryonic degeneration are the main signs of which defiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the only form of Vit. K that is not found in natural feed ingredients and is made synthetically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common stable feed grade form of Vit. K |
|
Definition
| Menadion pyrimidinol bisulfate |
|
|
Term
| What are the funcions of Vit. K? |
|
Definition
clotting factors
osteocalcin is Vit. K dependent |
|
|
Term
| Broccoli, kale, collards, spinach are high in this vitamin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Warfarin, a blood thinner, is used in rat poison and contains this vitamin |
|
Definition
|
|
