Selection

Prehension

Transport

Particle size reduction

Increase the solubility of nutrients

Digestion

Absorption

Metabolism

sight, sound, smell, touch, taste

learned aversions

getting food into the mouth

tools: claw/paw, lips, tongue, teeth

increases surface area

mastication: chewing (incisors:cut, canines: tear, premolars and molars: grinding)

ventriculus

mucus + watery secretion

3-4 glands in most species: provide saliva

moist environment helps enzymes break down food more readily

mixing

acid secretion (ph 2)

enzyme secretion

Species with pronounced incisors are likely to primarily eat:

1. fibrous plants (ex: grass)

2. grains

3. insects

4. meat

Why would the stomach release inactive enzymes?

1. to slow digestion

2. the enzymes don't do anything

3. so the stomach itself isn't digested

4. because it wants to!

Your dog consumed some meat that was spoiled and got sick as a result. What function of the digestive system should have prevented this?

A. particle size reduction

B. absorption

C. selection

D. solubilization (moistening)

E. prehension

Complete breakdown of glucose by aerobic oxidation leads to the production of:

A. carbon dioxide

B. water

C. energy (ATP)

D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Most particle size reduction in the poultry gastrointestinal tract occurs:

A. in the mouth

B. in the crop

C. in the cecum

D. in the liver

E. in the ventriculus

E. in the ventriculus

The capybara is a hind-gut fermenter. Which of the following portions of the gastrointestinal tract would you expect to have the largest capacity in this species?

A. illeum

B. cecum

C. stomach

D. esophagus

E. reticulum

If you were looking for villus, where should you look?

A. in the villain movie

B. in the small intestine

C. in the liver

D. in the omasum

E. in the proventriculus

In addition to hydrochloric acid, ruminants have another tool to help prevent living bacteria from reaching the small intestine. What is it?

A. lysozyme

B. pancreatic amylase

C. the omasum - it filters bacteria out

D. the cecum

Worldwide, most of the livestock are found:

A. in North America

B. in Asia

C. in South America

D. in Australia

E. livestock are raised nearly everywhere

E. livestock are raised nearly everywhere

Without saliva production, how would the rumen environment change?

A. it would become more acidic (pH would drop)

B. there would be no enzymes for digestion

C. Ruminal papillae would not develop

D. Hardware disease would be a common problem

The last major tissue type to be deposited during growth is:

A. adipose

B. bone

C. muscle

D. gut

E. liver

An essential nutrient is one that is:

A. found in the animal's body

B. consumed in large quantities

C. needed every single day for the animal to survive

D. necessary for life but not synthesized in the body

D. necessary for life but not synthesized in the body

Feed-to-gain ratio is a measure of:

A. feed efficiency

B. growth rate

C. layer (egg) production

D. feed intake

E. none of the above

If you have a horse that grazes 50lbs of grass every day, and the grass is 30% dry matter, how much water is the horse taking in just from the grass?

A. 15lbs

B. 50lbs

C. 30lbs

D. 35lbs

E. 0lbs

50(.3) = 15

50-15 = 35

D. 35lbs

Carbohydrate absorbed after a meal is stored:

A. in the gut

B. in the bloodstream

C. in the liver and muscle

D. it's not stored because it isn't absorbed until it is needed

The cost of purchasing fresh crickets for your lizard has gotten out of control, so you decide to start buying freeze-dried crickets for him instead. However, you want to be sure you give him the right amount to help him keep his figure. Typically you give him 15 fresh crickets daily, and they are 35% dry matter, The freeze-dried crickets are 90% dry matter. How many dried crickets should you feed him to get him about the same amount of nutrients?

A. 4 crickets

B. 6 crickets

C. 11 crickets

D. 17 crickets

E. 39 crickets

15(.35) = 5.25

5.25/.9 = 5.8

B. 6 crickets

Which of the following atoms is NOT found in a cabohydrate?

A. N (nitrogen)

B. C (carbon)

C. H (hydrogen)

D. O (oxygen)

Pepsinogen:

A. is an inactive enzyme

B. is a zymogen

C. is altered  by hydrochloric acid

D. is secreted in the stomach

E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Based on this picture alone (willie the wildcat showing his teeth), you should be able to identify Willie as a carnivore. What gives it away?

A. the racing stripe color pattern

B. the presence of teeth on the upper jaw

C. the pronounced canines

D. the obvious presence of salivary glands

E. the lack of rumination

Bile is synthesized by:

A. the gall baladder

B. the duodenum

C. the liver

D. mucus neck cells

E. all of the above

The primary role of the reticulum is:

A. to absorb water

B. to secrete enzymes

C. to move digesta up the esophagus or down the digestive tract

D. to allow for growth of bacteria

Salivary amylase activity is greatest in:

A. pigs

B. cheetahs

C. Sheep

D. horses

E. not found in any of the above

Which of the following options would be the cheapest source of distiller's grains on a adry matter basis?

A. 30% dry matter, $85/ton as-fed

B. 40% dry matter, $110/ton as-fed

C. 60% dry matter, $130/ton as-fed

D. 90% dry matter, $220/ton as-fed

cost/% dry matter

A. 85/.3 = 283

B. 110/.4 = 275

C. 130/.6 = 217

D. 220/.9 = 244

C. 60% dry matter, $130/ton as-fed

Which of the following glucose-glucose bonds is the most difficult to break?

A. alpha- 1,4

B. beta- 1,4

C. alpha- 1,6

D. delta-1,6

Worldwide demand for meat, milk, and eggs:

A.  is declining

B. is declining in India and Asia but increasing in Europe

C. is expected to increase rapidly in coming decades

D. is expected to be unchanged for many years

Starch is primarily composed of .................. After starch is digested, ................. is absorbed by the gut.

A. glycogen, maltose

B. amylopectin, glucose

C. amylose, starch

D. amylopectin, amylose

E. amylose, sucrose

Which of the following is an example of disaccharide?

A. sucrose

B. glucose

C. frustose

D. ribose

E. dihydrogen oxide

Which of the following is(are) an end-product(s) of ruminal fermentation?

A. microbial protein

B. volatile fatty acids

C. carbon dioxide

D. methane

E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Cellulose digestion in the human gut would occur in the:

A. stomach

B. duodenum

C. jejunum

D. large intestine

D. large intestine

All blood leaving the gut drains into the ............... vein

A. jugular

B. renal

C. portal

D. femoral

Insulin resistance can lead to:

A. ketosis

B. lack of glucose absorption from the gut

C. type II diabetes

D. pregnancy

Which of the following can be digested by enzymes that an animal can secrete?

A. lignin

B. sucrose

C. cellulose

D. hemicellulose

E. all of the above

Most of the water found in an animal's body is:

A. in the bloodstream

B. inside cells

C. in the bladder

D. formed ny hydrolysis reactions

If your small intestine fails to release hormones in response to a meal, this is most likely because ............... cells are not funtioning correctly

A. goblet

B. enterocyte

C. parietal

D. enteroendocrine

D. enteroendocrine

Gastrointestinal fermentation:

A. occurs primarily in the small intestine in rabbits

B. requires an anaerobic environment

C. results in the production of ethanol, primarily

D. is driven by enzymes secreted by the animal

E. all of the above

Most of the carbohydrates we consume are composed of monomers with ............ carbons

A. 2

B. 4

C. 5

D. 6

E. 10

Which of the following is a sturctural carbohydrate?

A. glycogen

B. potato soup

C. maltose

D. hemicellulose

E. none of the above

If an animal is switched from a fairly dry diet to a pretty wet one, how is the animal axpected to respond? Assume the animal is offered as much feed as it wants in both cases, and amount of feed refers to an as-fed amount

A. the animal will eat the same amount and drink the same amount of water

B. the animal eat the same amount but drink less because of water from the feed

C. the animal will eat more but drink less because of the water from the feed

D. the animal will eat and drink less

E. the animal will eat and drink more

This is an exocrine secretion of the pancreas:

A. insulin

B. amylase

C. saliva

D. hydrochloric acid

If a pig has free access to water and its body contains 55% water:

A. this is a normal value for a healthy pig

B. the animal is probably obese

C. the animal likely has  a lot of muscle mass

D. it probabaly just took a very large drink

E. this is not possible; no animal is 55% water

Which of the following animals would be most likely to be healthy (long-term) if it consumed a diet with no B vitamins?

A. horse

B. lion

C. cow

D. pig

E. turkey

To determine the moisture content of the corn you wan tto feed your pet chicken, you weigh out 100 grams of corn and put it in your oven at 130^oF overnight. In the morning, you weigh the corn again, and the sample weighs 86 grams. What was the dry matter content of your corn before drying?

A. 15% dry matter

B. 18% dry matter

C. 71% dry matter

D. 86% dry matter

E. 90% dry matter

86/100 = 86%

D. 86% dry matter

duodenum: 1st 1-2ft, entry for pancreatic and billiary (gall bladder) secretions

jejunum: primary site of nutrient absorption, some enzyme secretion

illeum: similar role as jejunum, less absorption (complex proteins)

Why is bicarbonate important for digestion?

1. it is an enzyme

2. it helps break up particles

3. it binds to enzymes and activates them

4. it neutralizes the pH of chyme so that enzymes work

4. it neutralizes the pH of chyme so that enzymes work

enterocytes: absorption and enzyme secretion

enteroendocrine cells: secrete signaling hormones

goblet cells: secrete mucus

What is the major advantage of the villi structures in the small intestine?

1. much greater surface area for absorption

2. if a few get torn off, there are plenty more

3. they stick out to catch the nutrients as they float by

metabolism

nutrient storage

bile synthasis

How does the liver support the body during fasting?

1. releases fatty acids for energy

2. produces more bile

3. releases stored glucose

4. breaks down body fat

fermentation: breakdown of fiber, occurs in colon or appendix in some hidgut fermenters, source of vitamin B and K

water absorption

fecal storage and elimination

Why is coprophagia actually a healthy habit in some wild animals?

1. can provide essential vitamins

2. is a good source of water

3. prevents GI tract infections

4. bad breath keeps predators away

4-chambered:

rumen 42.5gal

abomasum 5gal

omasum 4gal

reticulum 2.5gal

What advantage does foregut fermentation offer vs. hindgut?

1. less risk of digestive upset

2. improved stomach utilization

3. less gas production

4. improved absorption of microbial protein, vitamins

4. improved absorption of microbial protein, vitamins

Which condition would be the hardest for microbes to find without the host animal?

1. ready supply of nutrients

2. oxygen depleted environment

3. warm environment

4. moist environment

Why would a ruminant need more storage volume than a monogastric?

1. Fibrous feeds must be retained longer for digestion

2. ruminants only eat at night

3. to allow for proper mixing

4. ruminants are bigger animals

If a rumen has a capacity of 120 liters, how long would it take to fill with gas produced at 1 L/min?

1. 24 hours

2. 1 weeks

3. 2 hours

4. 120 seconds

120/60 = 2

3. 2 hours

Why does grain feeding promote ruminal development in calves?

1. they like it, so they eat more

2. it "scratches" the rumen wall

3. it is fermented to VFA's, which stimulate papilllae

4. it moves directly to the omasum when swallowed

Which of the following are advantages of rumination?

1. avoid predation by grazing for fewer hours/day

2. greater buffering of ruminal fluid

3. additional particle breakdown

4. all of the above

4. all of the above

If a pig and a sheep eat the same amount of corn, which will absorb more carbohydrate?

1. pig

2. sheep

3. both the same

Which type of cell contains the least water?

1. liver hepatocyte

2. red blood cell

3. adipocyte (fat cell)

4. neuron

An animal with 5% body fat is 80% water. What % water does the animal have if it is 30% body fat?

1. 52%

2. 64%

3. 70%

4. 87%

100g/80g = 80g

95g + 30g = 125g

80/125 = 64%

2. 64%

How does a camel's hump contribute to surviving for a month with no water?

1. provides metabolic water as fat is oxidized

2. provides tissue water

3. prevents sweating

4. water condenses on the hump at night and the camel licks it off in the morning

(total lbs - lbs water)/total lbs

or

lbs dry matter/total lbs

A sample of corn silage weighed 1lb prior to drying, and 0.32lbs after drying. What is the dry matter %?

1. 1.32

2. 68%

3. 16%

4. 32%

68% moisture

4. 32%

A ewe consumes 28lbs. of a diet that is 25% dry matter. How much water did she consume in her feed?

1. 3lbs

2. 7lbs

3. 14lbs

4. 21lbs

5. 25lbs

25% = 7lbs

7 x 3 = 21lbs

4. 21lbs

You want to use distillers (50% DM) in your ration. If it costs $90/ton delivered, what is the cost/ton DM?

1. $90

2. $13.42

3. $45

4. $180

$90/.5ton = $180/ton

 4. $180

You need to add 4lbs of protein to a mixture. You have soybean meal that is 90% DM and 50% crude protein on a dry matter basis. How much SBM (as-fed) do you need to add?

1. 1.8lbs

2. 2lbs

3. 4.4lbs

4. 8lbs

5. 8.8lbs

0.9lb DM/1.0lb AF  X  0.5lb CP/1.0lb DM

#  X  0.45lb CP/1.00lb AF = 4lb CP

# = 8.8lb AF

5. 8.8lbs

Most of the galactose that people absorb comes from:

1. galactose synthesized by the body

2. dietary lactose

3. dietary glucose

4. dietary starch

5. dietary galactose

Cellulase is produced by:

1. ruminent animals

2. all animals

3. anaerobic

4. monogastrics

5. chinchillas

Why do runners often eat high-carb meals the night before a copetition?

1. encourages glycogen storage in muscle

2. plasma glucose will be elevated in the morning

3. Amylose is absorbed and can be used during the race

4. carbs are yummy!

If insulin  promotes disposal of glucose, what happens in diabetics who don't get insulin shots?

1. their cells are starved of glucose

2. blood glucose drops dangerously low

3. There is no way to absorb glucose from the diet

4. Blood glucose rises to dangerously high levels

4. Blood glucose rises to dangerously high levels

high amount of fatty acids

Compared to saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids have:

1. lower melting points

2. lower risk of becoming rancid

3. more hydrogen atoms

4. all of the above

Cholesterol is not an essential nutrient. What happens to blood cholesterol if it is removed from the diet?

1. eventually blood cholesterol will drop to zero

2. it will drop somewhat, but not dramatically

3. it will increase

4. there is no cholesterol in most diets

Which enzyme  is capable of cleaving triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol?

1. lipoprotein lipase

2. pancreatic lipase

3. gastric lipase

4. hormone-sensitive lipase

5. all of the above

5. all of the above

Which tissue stores the largest portion of total body fat in an adult?

1. brown adipose tissue

2. liver

3. white adipose tissue

4. muscle

5. intramuscular adipose tissue

Which is a primary benefit for an animal to store energy as fat rather than carbohydrate?

1. Carbohydrate is harder to break down

2. You don't need carbohydrate when starving

3. more energy is stored per pound of fat

4. carbohydrate's can't be stroed easily

Which vitamin might be deficient in a fat-free diet?

1. vitamin B1

2. vitamin C

3. vitamin B3

4. vitamin K

4. vitamin K

Your swine diet has a diet of 0.5%. Linoleic acid. How much linolenic acid should be added to reach 10:1 ratio.

1. 5%

2. 5lbs

3. 0.05%

4. 10%

 Which of the following lipids do not contain fatty acids

1. cholesterol

2. triglyceride

3. soybean oil

4. omega-6 fats

If a horse excetes 10lbs of manure with 30% fiber, how much fiber was ecreted.

1. 3lbs

2. 0.7lbs

3. 10lbs

4. 7lbs

If an animal consumes 50g of Ca in a day and excretes 20g what is the Ca digestability coeffcient?

1. 40%

2. 29%

3. 60%

4. 67%

50-20

30/50 = .6

3. 60%

Use the following to determine apparent % protein digestibility.

amount of feed consumed: 15lbs

amount of feces excreterd: 10lbs

protein concentration of feed: 20%

protein concentration of feces: 3%

1. 17%

2. 33%

3. 90%

4. 97%

15 x 0.2 = 3lbs

10 x 0.03 = 0.3lbs

3 - 0.3 = 2.7lbs digested

lbs digested/lbs consumed

2.7/3 = 90%

 3. 90%

Which factor would be likely to increase diet digestibility(%) in a pig?

1. high fiber diet

2. low feed intake

3. GI tract infection

4. old age

5. limited water intake

Where do the chylomicrons go after exocytosis from the enterocyte?

1. the portal vein

2. capillaries in the villi

3. lacteals

4. fat tissue

You want to develop a meat product that is high in omega-3 fatty acids. What type of meat should you try?

1. pork

2. beef

3. lamb

has more unsaturated fatty acids

1. pork

Lactose intollerance is caused by inability to digest lactose. This causes discomfort because....

1. digestibility is decreased

2. blood lactose become too low

3. enterocytes are starved of nutrients

4. lactose becomes available for fermentation

4. lactose becomes available for fermentation

What type of molecule is most likely to enter a cell by diffusion?

1. large water-soluble nutrients

2. small fat-soluble nutrients

3. large fat-soluble nutrients

4. small water-soluble nutrients

Calcium can be absorbed by either passive or active transport. Active transport is most important when....

1. dietary calcium is low

2. dietary energy is low

3. newborns consume milk

4. dietary calcium is high

Adding a buffer to a ruminent diet should aid which bacteria the most?

1. fiber digesters

2. starch digesters

3. ruminal fungi

In the rumen of a steer fed a high-grain diet, the primary VFA produced is:

1. acetate

2. propionate

3. butyrate

4. methane

How long can most animals survive with glycogen stores as their only energy source?

1. 10-30 minutes

2. 4-12 hours

3. 5-7 days

4. 2-3 weeks

When would LPL most likely be activated?

1. after and overnight fast

2. during intense excersize

3. during a "fight" or "flight" response

4. a couple of hours after a high-fat meal

4. a couple of hours after a high-fat meal

If you feed a pig a very high fat diet wiht no starch, which pathway would be the most active?

1. De novo fatty acid synthesis

2. gluconeogenesis

3. glucose absorption

4. lipolysis

What product of lipolysis can be used to synthesize glucose?

1. triglycerides

2. fatty acids

3. glycogen

4. glycerol

5. lactate

1,000 calories

1,000 kilocalories

Which of the following has the greatest gross energy?

1. 1g of corn

2. 1g of wheat straw

3. 1g of pwdered car tires

4. 1g of water

5. 1g of jet fuel

5. 1g of jet fuel

(DE)

Digestible Energy

GE intake - fecal energy

GE=Gross Energy

You formulated a diet to meet the TDN requirements of your horse, but he lost weight. Which reason below could potentially explain this?

1. the diet was poorly digested because it is high in fiber

2. there was a lot of gas energy lost during fiber digestion

3. the gross energy of the fiber was higher than expected

(ME)

Metabolizable Energy

DE - urine energy - gas energy

DE=Digestible Energy

You have some calves on a high-fiber ration. When you begin supplementing them with the ionophore rumensin, what should happen to ME?

1. Decrease

2. no change

3. increase

3. increase

(NE)

Net Energy

If you feed an animal less feed than what is required for maintenance.

1. all of the NE will be used for maintenance

2. half of NE will be used for maintenance, half for growth

3. the animal will gain weight slowly

4. none of the above

gross energy --> fecal energy

digestible energy --> urine/gas energy

metabolizable energy --> HI ( digestion and fermentation)

NEm <-- net energy --> NEp

For which species would it be most critical to use NE rather than ME?

1. chickens

2. cats

3. sheep

4. dogs

5. pigs

If the intake of NE increases with no change in NEm, what would happen to feed efficiently (ADV/DMI)

1. decrease

2. no change

3. increase

3. increase