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| the state in which energy intake, in the form of food and beverages, matches the energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity |
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| the state in which energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weigh gain |
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| the state in which energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss |
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| an instrument used to determine the calorie content in a food |
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| the minimal amount of calories the body uses to support itself in a fasting state when resting (e.g. 12 hours for both) and awake in a warm, quiet environment. it amounts roughly 1 kcal per kilogram per hour for men and .9 kcal per kilogram per hour for women; these values are often referred to as basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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| the amount of calories the body uses when the person has not eaten in 4 hours and is resting (e.g. 15 to 30 min) and awake in a warm, quiet environment. It is roughly 6% higher than basal metabolism due to the less strict criteria for the test; often referred to as resting metabolic rate (RMR) |
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| body weight minus fat storage weight equals lean body mass. This includes organs such as bone and blood and other body fluids |
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| thermic effect of food (TEF) |
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Definition
| the increase in metabolism that occurs during the digesting, absorption, and metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. This represents 5% to 10% of calories consumed |
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| this term encompasses the ability of humans to regulate body temperature within narrow limits (thermoregulation). Two visible examples of thermogenesis are fidgeting and shivering when cold |
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| a specialized form of adipose tissue that produces large amounts of heat by metabolizing energy-yielding nutrients without synthesizing much useful energy for the body. The unused energy is released as heat |
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| a method of determining a body's energy use by measuring heat release from the body. An insulated chamber is usually used |
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| a method to measure energy use by the body by measuring oxygen uptake. Formulas are then use to convert this gas exchange value into energy use |
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| Weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared; a value of 25 and above indicates overweight and a value of 30 and above indicates obesity |
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| a method of estimating total body fat by weighing the individual on a standard scale and then weighing him or her again submerged in water. The difference between the two weights is used to estimate total body volume |
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| a method for estimating body composition that makes use of the volume of space taken up by a body inside a small chamber |
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| the method to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current. The more fat storage a person has, the more impedance (resistance) to electrical flow will be exhibited |
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| dual-energy Xray absorptiometry (DEXA) |
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Definition
| a highly accurate method of measuring body composition and bone mass and density using multiple low energy x-rays |
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Definition
| the type of obesity in which fat is stored primarily in the abdominal area; defined as a waist circumference more than 40 inches in men and more than 35 in women; closely associated with a high risk for CVD, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes AKA android obesity |
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| the type of obesity in which fat storage is a primarily located in the buttocks and thigh area. Also known as gynoid or gynecoid obesity |
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| two offspring that develop from a single ovum and sperm and consequently, have the same genetic makeup |
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| often refers to the close regulation of body weight. It is not known what cells control this set point or how it functions in weight regulation. There is evidence, however, that mechanism exist that help regulate weight |
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| a condition of anxiety regarding running out of either food or money to buy more food |
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| breaking the link between two or more behaviors that encourage overeating, such as snacking white watching television |
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| altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating - for example, removing foods from sight and storing them in kitchen cabinets |
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| changing ones frame of mind regarding eating for example instead of using a difficult day as an excuse to overeat, substituting other pleasures for rewards, such as a relaxing walk with a friend |
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| forming a plan of action to respond to a situation in which overeating is likely such as when snacks are within arm's reach at a party |
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| tracking foods eaten and conditions affecting eating, actions are usually recorded in a diary, along with location, time, and state of mind. This is a tool to help people understand more about their eating habits |
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| a series of strategies used to help prevent and cope with weight control lapses such as recognizing high-risk situations and deciding beforehand on appropriate responses |
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| a group of medications that induce stimulation of the central nervous system and have other effects in the body. Abuse is linked to physical and psychological dependence |
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| very low calorie diet (VLCD) |
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Definition
| known also as protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) this diet allows a person 400- 800 kcal per day often in liquid form. of this, 120-480 kcal is carbohydrate, and the rest is mostly high-quality protein |
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| the medical specialty focusing on the treatment of obesity |
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| adjustable gastric banding |
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| a restrictive procedure in which the opening from the esophagus to the stomach is reduced by a hallow gastric band |
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Definition
| gastric bypass surgery performed on the stomach to limit its volume to approximately 30 milliliters. Also referred to as stomach stapling |
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Definition
| a BMI below 18.5. The cutoff is less precise than for obesity because this condition has been less studied |
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