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Nutrition Exam 1
Nutrition Exam 1
141
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
09/07/2006

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Term
nutrition
Definition
The science of food, the nutrients and the substances therein, their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease, and the process by which the organism ingests, absorbs, transports, utilizes, and excretes food substances
Term
•Provide energy
•Provide building blocks (ex: calcium is a component to bones)
•Vital for growth and maintenance
•Termed “essential”
Definition
Nutrients come from food to...
Term
•Omission leads to decline
•Regain normal function when stored to diet
•Has a specific biological function
Definition
you need essential nutrients because...
Term
•Poor diet and sedentary lifestyles are risk factors for chronic disease (29% of all deaths)
•Disease of the heart
•Cancer (22%)
•Cerebrovascular disease (about 79%)
•Diabetes (39%)
Definition
Over nutrition contribes to chronic diseases such as...
Term
down syndrome, hemophillia, sickle cell anemia, adult bone loss (osteoporosis), cancer, infectious disease
Definition
nutrition unrelated diseases (genetic)
Term
diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, iron defiency, vitamin def, mineral def
Definition
nutrition related diseases
Term
•Carbohydrates

•Lipids

•Protein

•Minerals

•Vitamins

•Water
Definition
six classes of nurtients
Term
•Provides calories
•For growth, development, and maintenance
•Regulate body processes
Definition
nutrient functions
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
•Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
•Major sources of fuel
•Monosaccharide (glucose)
•Simple and complex forms
•Dietary fiber
•Energy yielding (about 4 kcal/gm)
Term
4
Definition
how many kcals are in carbohydrates
Term
Lipids
Definition
•Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and fewer oxygen
•Triglycerides
-Fats and oils
•Unsaturated Fatty Acids (double bonds)
•Saturated Fatty Acids (no double bonds)
•Essential Fatty Acids
•Energy yielding fats and oils (about 9 kcal/gm)
•Cholesterol
•Phospholipids
Term
9
Definition
how many kcals are in lipids?
Term
Proteins
Definition
•Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
•Structural material
•9 essential amino acids
•11 nonessential amino acids
•Energy yielding (about 4 kcal/gm)
•Excess protein intake
Term
4
Definition
how many kcals are in proteins?
Term
7
Definition
how many kcals are in alcohol?
Term
Vitamins
Definition
•Composed of various elements
•Enable chemical reactions
•Fat soluble
•Yield no energy
Term
Minerals
Definition
•Inorganic substances
•Function in cellular processes, nervous system, water balances, and structural systems
•Not destroyed during cooking
•Trace minerals (small amounts)
•Major minerals (large amounts)
•Electrolytes
•Yield no energy
Term
Water
Definition
•Composed of hydrogen and oxygen
•Majority of our body weight
•Found in foods
•Yields no energy
•Functions: solvent, lubricant, medium for transport, chemical processes, and temperature regulator
Term
Recommended intake about 9-13 cups per day
Definition
How many cups of water should you drink a day?
Term
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
Definition
nutrients that provide energy
Term
Proteins, lipids, some vitamins, some minerals, and water
Definition
Nutrients that promote growth, development, and maintenance
Term
proteins, lipids, some vitamins, some minerals, and water
Definition
Nutrients that regulate body processes
Term
calorie
Definition
•Measurement of energy
•“The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
Term
1 kcal= 1 (Food) calorie
Definition
1000 calories=
Term
16% or advised 10-35%
Definition
what is the % of kcal as protein
Term
50% or advised 40-65%
Definition
What is the % of kcal as carbs?
Term
33% or advised 10-35%
Definition
what is the % of kcal as fats?
Term
•Monitor energy intake
•Salt (sodium) in moderation
•Alcohol in moderation
•Fat in moderation
•Adequate fluids
•Eat 5-a-day
•Use supplements wisely, if at all
•Mealtime is a social time
Definition
How do you improve your diet?
Term
•Promote healthy lifestyle
•Reduce preventable diseases and deaths
•Reduce obesity in adults and children
•Increase intakes of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain products
•Lower intake of fat, saturated fats, and sodium
•Increase intake of calcium a
Definition
How will we be able to attain the goal of Healthy People 2010?
Term
•Designed solely for listing nutrients on U.S. food labels
•Based partly on RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances)
•Based partly on set of standards
•Based on intake of 2000 calories per day
•Set adequacy standards for nutrients
•Set moderation standar
Definition
How is % Daily Value configured?
Term
65g
Definition
In a 2,000 calorie diet, what is the grams of total fat?
Term
20g
Definition
In a 2,000 calorie diet, what is the grams of Saturated fat?
Term
300mg
Definition
In a 2,000 calorie diet, what is the grams of Cholesterol?
Term
2400mg
Definition
In a 2,000 calorie diet, what is the grams of sodium?
Term
300g
Definition
In a 2,000 calorie diet, what is the grams of total carbs?
Term
25g
Definition
In a 2,000 calorie diet, what is the grams of fiber?
Term
•20% or more- high source
•10% - 19%- good source
•0%-5%- low source
Definition
A quick guide to Nutrietn sources (%DV)
Term
-Low calorie: equal or less than 40 cal/serving
-Reduced calorie: at least 25% fewer calories than regular product
Definition
energy
(label terms)
Term
-Fat free: less than 0.5g fat/serving
-Low fat: less than 3g fat/serving
-Cholesterol free: less than 2mg cholesterol and 2g or less of saturated fat/serving
Definition
fat
(label terms)
Term
-Good source: 10-19% of the DV per serving
-High, “rich in”, or “excellent source”: 20% or more of the DV per serving
-Light:
A serving providing 1/3 fewer calories of half of fat than regular product
A serving of low-calorie, low-fat
Definition
other
(label terms)
Term
•Sugar (free, no added)
•Calories (free, low)
•Fiber (high, food source, added)
•Cholesterol (free, low, reduced)
•Sodium (free, low, light)
Definition
comparative and absolute nutrient claims
Term
•Nearly all packaged foods and processed meat products
•Health claims
•Fresh fruit, vegetables, poultry, fish… VOLUNTARY
Definition
What food requires a label?
Term
trans fatty acids
Definition
what is the newest label law?
Term
•Calcium and osteoporosis
-high in calcium
•Sodium and hypertension
-Low sodium
•Dietary fat and cancer
-Low fat
•Dietary saturated fat and cholesterol and heart disease
-Low saturated fat, low cholesterol, and low fat
•Other similar claims: Be ab
Definition
health claims allowed on food labels
Term
desirable, under nutrition, and over nutrition
Definition
States of nutritional health
Term
desirable
Definition
States of nutritional health:
adequate nutrients to support normal metabolic functions
Term
under nutrition
Definition
states of nutritional health:
-Nutrients needs less than nutrient intakes
-Surpluses depleted
-Healthy declines
-Sub clinical deficiency
-Deficiency state- clinical symptoms
Term
over nutrition
Definition
states of nutritional health:
-Nutrient needs less than nutrient intake
-Short term-symptoms fewer
-Some nutrients are toxic
-Obesity
Term
anthropometric assessment
Definition
height, weight, weight change, skin folds, body circumferences
Term
bichemical assessments
Definition
concentrations of nutrients and nutrient by products in the blood, urine, feces; blood enzymes activity
Term
clinical assessment
Definition
skin, eyes, tongue, hair loss, sense of touch, ability to cough, ablitity to walk
Term
dietary assessment
Definition
typical food choices, recall of previous day's food; record of day's food intake
Term
economic assessment
Definition
ability to purchase and prepare food
Term
-medical history
-medications
-education
Definition
what are some additional nutritional parameters?
Term
•Long delay between initial development of poor nutritional status and 1st clinical signs
-Low bone density- broken bone
-High cholesterol- heart attack
•Symptoms due to different causes
Definition
limitations to nutritional assessment
Term
•USDA’s and HHS Dietary Guidelines for Americans
•USDA’s MyPyramid
•Institute of medicine (IOM) Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
•Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) Food Label
Definition
tools for a healthy diet
Term
1.Consume a variety of foods with in and among the basic food groups while staying with in energy needs
2.Control calorie intake to manage body weight
3.Be physically active everyday (30 minutes per day)
4.Increase daily consumption of (fruits and vege
Definition
US Dietary Guidelines
Term
food groups
Definition
categories of similar foods
Term
food guides
Definition
recommended daily amounts of food to eat
Term
•12 pyramids- based on calorie needs
•Internet based
•Serving sizes in household units
Definition
USDA's New Food Guide Pyramid
Term
Adequacy
Definition
characteristics of a healthy diet: foods provide enough of the essential nutrients
Term
balance
Definition
characteristics of a healthy diet:
food choices do not overemphasize one food or nutrient at the expense of another
Term
moderation
Definition
characteristics of a healthy diet:
foods do not provide excesses of unwanted components
Term
variety
Definition
characteristics of a healthy diet:
food choices differ from day to day
Term
Variety
Definition
USDA's New Food Guide Pyramid:
6 different color bands
Term
proportionality
Definition
USDA's New Food Guide Pyramid:
different widths of the food group bands
Term
moderation
Definition
USDA's New Food Guide Pyramid:
narrowing of each food group
Term
activity
Definition
USDA's New Food Guide Pyramid:
person climbing stairs
Term
•Ongoing and collaborative effort
•Food and Nutrition Board of IOM (U.S.)
•Includes RDA, AI, EAR, and UL
•Gender and age specific
•Refer to intake averaged over time or “usual diet”
Definition
Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
Term
•Amount that meets the estimated nutrient needs of 50% of individuals in a specific age and gender group
•Used to set RDA
Definition
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
Term
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Definition
use to evaluate your current intake for a specific nutrient, the further you stray above or below this value, the greater your chances of developing nutritional problems
Term
Adequate Intake (AI)
Definition
Use to evaluate your current intake of nutrients, byt realize that a designation implies that further research is required before scientists can establish a more definitive number
Term
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
Definition
use to estimate calorie needs of the aberage person within a specific height, weight, gender, age, and physical activity pattern
Term
Upper Level (UL)
Definition
use to evaluate the highest amount of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the long run in almost all people (97%-98%) in a population. This number applies to chronic use and is set to protect even very susceptible people in the healthy general population. As intake increases about the this, the potential for adverse effects generally increases.
Term
Daily Value (DV)
Definition
use a a rough guide for comparing the nurtient content of a food to approzimate human needs. Typically, this is used on food labels refers to ages 4 year to adulthood. It is based on a 2,000 calorie diet, some values increase slightly with higher calorie intakes
Term
nutrient dense
Definition
comparison of vitamin and mineral content with number of kcals
-empty calories
Term
Energy Density
Definition
•Comparison of kcal content with weight of food
•High-energy-dense foods (high fat)
•Low-energy-dense foods (low fat)
Term
cells-tissue-organs-organ system-organism
Definition
organization of the body
Term
digestion
Definition
breaksdown nutrients into simple compounds (mechanically and chemically)
Term
absorption
Definition
transfers nutrients from inside the digestive track to blood and lymph
Term
mouth->esophagus->stomach->large intestine->small intestine->rectum->anus
Definition
GI track flow
Term
esophageal(cardiac)
pyloric
ileocecal
anal
Definition
sphincters
Term
salivary gland
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
Definition
accessory digestive organs
Term
teeth
tongue(taste buds)
saliva(bicarbonate, anitbodies, amylase)
Definition
mouth
Term
peristaltic contraction
Definition
esophagus
Term
amylase
Definition
startch digestion enzyme produced by the salivary glands and pancreas
Term
lipase
Definition
fat-digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas
Term
protease
Definition
protien digesting enzyme produced by the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas
Term
enzyme
Definition
component that speeds up a reaction
Term
Hormone
Definition
regulatory compound synthesized in one spot (ex. estrogen)- doesn't cause chemical reactions
Term
•Water
•HCl (acid)- unfolds protein
•Pepsin- split protein into smaller fragments
Definition
gastric juices
Term
Pylproc Sphincter
Definition
•Acts as a flow regulator for gastric emptying
•This gives the small intestine time to digest and absorb nutrients (ex: the whole meal doesn’t enter the same intestine at once)
Term
•Acid -> secretion into blood stream
-> causes release of bicarbonate from pancreases to small intestine-> end result acid is neutralized
Definition
Normal signal from small intestine
Term
-Causes contraction of fall bladder -> release bile into small intestine
-Causes release of digestive enzyme from pancreas into small intestine
Definition
•Fats and protein - cholecystokinin (CCK)
Term
bile
Definition
emulsifier of fat
Term
emulsifier
Definition
to make something and it forms one layer (liver and gall bladder)
Term
Pancreas
Definition
-Secretes enzyme into small intestine to digest food (fat, protein, carbohydrates)
-Digestion occurs in small intestine
Term
•At this point, most of nutrients are absorbed
•Most of water absorption occurs in large intestine
•Some dietary fiber digested by bacteria that lives in large intestine
-Creates short chain fatty acids
-Creates gas
•Feces created
-Mostly dead bacte
Definition
Large Intestine
Term
•Heart (pump)
•Arteries, veins, capillaries (conduits)
•Blood (fluid medium)
•Portal system (from intestine to liver)
Definition
Cardiovascular system
Term
•Supplies cells of the body with oxygen and nutrients
•Removes carbon dioxide and waste products from cells
Definition
Function of Cardiovascular System
Term
•Movement of nutrients from plasma to interstitial fluid
•Movement of nutrients from interstitial fluid to intracellular fluid
Definition
Capillaries (business-end of the Cardiovascular system)
Term
•Drains interstitial fluid
•Joins up with Cardiovascular system near heart
Definition
Lymphatic System
Term
•Protects against infections
-Phagocytes
-T-cells (secrete antibodies)
-B-cells (secrete antibodies)
Definition
Immune System
Term
endocrine system
Definition
chemical messengers in blood
Term
nervous system
Definition
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Term
•Lungs- (CO2)
•Liver
-Bile
-Metabolism of compounds to be excreted by kidneys
•Kidney- nephron filters blood, creates urine
Definition
excretory system
Term
•Glycogen (carbohydrates)
-Mainly in skeletal muscles and liver
•Fat (lipid)
-Fat pads
Definition
energy storage system
Term
digestive system
Definition
performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
Term
Urinary system
Definition
removes waste products from the circulatory system and regulates the acidity , chemical composition, and water content of the blood
Term
integumentary system
Definition
protects the body, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and produces blood cells, and stores minerals
Term
skeletal system
Definition
supports the body, and allows for body movement, produces blood cells, stores minerals
Term
muscular system
Definition
produces body movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat
Term
respiatory system
Definition
exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and the atmosphere and regulates blood acid-base (ph) balance
Term
reproductive system
Definition
performs the processes of reproduction and influences sexual functions and behaviors
Term
saliva (mouth)
Definition
contributes to starch digestion, utilizing salivary amylase, lubrication, and swallowing
Term
muscus (mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine)
Definition
protects GI tract cells, lubricates food as it travels through the GI tract
Term
enzyme(mouth, stomach, small intestine, pancreas)
Definition
promote digestion of foodstuffs into particles small enough for absorption utilizing amylases, lipases, and proteases
Term
acid(stomach)
Definition
promotes digestion of protein amoung other functions
Term
bile (liver stored in gall bladder)
Definition
suspends fat in water utalizing bile acids, cholesterol, and lecithin to aid fat digestion in the small intestine
Term
bicarbonate (pancreas and small intestine)
Definition
neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches the small intestine
Term
hormones (stomach, small intestine, and pancreas)
Definition
such as gastrin, secretin, insulin, cholecystokinin, and glucagon stimulate production and/or release of acid, enzymes, bile, and bicarbonate; help regulate peristaisis and overall GI tract flow
Term
portal circulation
Definition
the protion of the circulatory system that utilizes a large vein to carry nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in the intestines and portions of the stomach to the liver
Term
portal circulation
Definition
the protion of the circulatory system that utilizes a large vein to carry nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in the intestines and portions of the stomach to the liver
Term
mouth and salivary glands
Definition
chewing beings, moisten food with saliva, lubrication with mucus, release of starch-digesting (amylase) enzymes, initiation of swallowing relex
Term
esophagus
Definition
lubrication with mucus, move food to stomach by peristaltic waves
Term
stomach
Definition
store, mix, dissolve, and continue digestion of food, disslove food particles with secretions, kill microorganisms with acids, release of protein-digesting (pepsin) enzyme, lubricate and protect stomach surface with mucus, regulate emptying of dissolved food into small intestine
Term
liver
Definition
production of bile to aid in fat digestion and absorption
Term
gallbladder
Definition
storage, soncentration, and later release of bile into small intestine
Term
pancreas
Definition
secretion of sodium bicarbonate and carbohydrate-fat, and protein-digesting enzymes
Term
small intestine
Definition
mixing and propulsion of contents, lubrication with mucus, digestion and absorption of most substances using enzymes made by the pancreas and small intestine
Term
large intestine
Definition
mixing and propulsion of contents, absorption of sodium, potassium, and water, storage and concentration of undigested food, lubrication with mucus, formation of feces
Term
rectum
Definition
store feces and expel via the anus
Term
•Include sugar, starch, glycogen, and fiber
•C(H2O)n
•Carbon cycle- gives the cycle by which the carbohydrates is made
•Carbohydrates are made through photosynthesis
-CO2 + H2O + light -> C(H2O)n + O2 (plants)
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
•CO2 + H2O + light -> C(H2O)n + O2 (plants)
•C(H2O)n + O2 -> energy + CO2 + H2O (animals)
Definition
carbon cycle (plant and animals)
Term
•Monosaccharide
-Single sugar unit
-Several types found in food supply: glucose (blood sugar- brain needs it for fuel- what most sugars and starches turned into), fructose (fruit sugar- found in honey- component of disaccharides), and Galactose (compone
Definition
simple carbohydrates
Term
•Starch (from plants)
•Glycogen (storage form of carbohydrates in animals; in liver and muscle)
•Fiber (can’t digest)-> we cannot break these bonds so we call it non digestive
Definition
complex carbohydrates
Term
•Preferred fuel (brain and RBC- red blood cell)
•New RDA= 130 grams per day (based in energy needs of the brain)
•Recommended that 60% (45-65%) of calories come from CHO
•Recommended that no more than 10% (25%) of calories come from simple CHO
Definition
Why carbohydrates are needed for the body?
Term
•Preferred fuel (brain and RBC- red blood cell)
•New RDA= 130 grams per day (based in energy needs of the brain)
•Recommended that 60% (45-65%) of calories come from CHO
•Recommended that no more than 10% (25%) of calories come from simple CHO
Definition
Why carbohydrates are needed for the body?
Term
•Mouth- salivary amylase (breaks off 2 sugar units at a time)-> used to breaks down starch- makes things taste sweet
-Amylase breaks down starch
•Small intestine
-Pancreatic amyls in lumen
-Disaccharideses in/on microvilli (brush border)
Malt
Definition
digestion of carbohydrates
Term
•Can’t digest lactose
-Cramps, gas, diarrhea, nausea
•May still be able to eat yogurt or aged cheese (good source of Calcium) or lactase treated foods
•Occurs more frequently as a person ages; usually not seen in children under 4 to 6 years of age
•Oc
Definition
lactose intolerance
Term
•Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, fructose, and galactose
•Active transport into intestinal cells; then transported to the liver via portal vein
•Liver converts fructose and galactose in glucose
•Glucose used as energy or stored in liver (an
Definition
absorption of carbohydrates
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