Term
|
Definition
large, complex molecules found in cells of all living things
synthesis controlled by genetic material (DNA) |
|
|
Term
| what do proteins contain? |
|
Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| what are proteins made from? |
|
Definition
| from a combination of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| the portion of amino acid that means each unique is its _____ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many amino acids are most of the body's protein made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of long chains of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| amino acids are connected by..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many essential amino acids are there? |
|
Definition
| nine essential amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cannot be produced in sufficient quantities to meet physiological needs
Must be obtained from food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be synthesized in sufficient quantities |
|
|
Term
| names of essential amino acids (9) |
|
Definition
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transfer amine group from an essential amino acid to a different acid group and R group
Used to make nonessential amino acids |
|
|
Term
| conditionally essential amino acids |
|
Definition
| Nonessential amino acid becomes essential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tyrosine becomes a conditionally essential amino acid that must be provided by the diet |
|
|
Term
| names of conditionally essential amino acids |
|
Definition
| arginine, cysteine, and glutamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| existing proteins are degraded to provide the building blocks for new proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes amino acids from food and cellular breakdown |
|
|
Term
| What determines the function of protein? |
|
Definition
| Protein organization; sequential order of the amino acids; spiral shape from twist in amino acid chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sequential order of the amino acid in a protein |
|
|
Term
| What causes the spiral shape in secondary structures? |
|
Definition
Different amino acids in a polypeptide chain possess unique chemical attributes that cause the chain to twist and turn into a spiral shape
folding of H bonding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spiral of the secondary structure further folds into a unique 3-dimensional shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more separate polypeptides bond to form a larger protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
affects their shape and function
proteins uncoil and lose their shape
protein function is lost |
|
|
Term
| damaging substances in protein denaturation |
|
Definition
| heat, acid, base, heavy metal, and alcohol |
|
|
Term
| protein function is lost in protein denaturation because |
|
Definition
| tertiary structure is gone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high fever
blood pH out of normal range |
|
|
Term
| denaturation is desirable during.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for protein synthesis, what must be available to the cell |
|
Definition
| all essential amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Essential amino acid that is missing or in the smallest supply
Slows down or halts protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Inadequate energy consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incomplete protein (low quality) |
|
Definition
insufficient essential amino acids
Does not support growth and health
many plant sources |
|
|
Term
| complete protein (high quality) |
|
Definition
sufficient amounts of all nine essential amino acids
Derived from animal and soy protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combine two or more incomplete protein sources to make a complete protein |
|
|
Term
| incomplete protein source examples |
|
Definition
Plant foods such as legumes, vegetables, cereals, and grain products
Beans – low in methionine
Rice – low in lysine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more foods are combined to supply all nine essential amino acids for a complete protein |
|
|
Term
| food with limiting amino acid + foods high in limiting amino acid = |
|
Definition
| complementary protein food combinations |
|
|
Term
| protein digestion begins in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| denatures protein strands and activates pepsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that breaks down proteins into short polypeptides and amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone controls hydrochloric acid production and pepsin release |
|
|
Term
| protein digestion continues in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What completes protein digestion? |
|
Definition
| pancreatic enzymes (proteases) |
|
|
Term
| Cells in the wall of the small intestine complete breakdown of all ______ into single amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amino acids are transported to the..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the body uses as fuel sources? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is saved for metabolic functions that cannot be performed by other compounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein is used for the... |
|
Definition
| building and repair of body tissues |
|
|
Term
| _______ is used for fuel primarily when total energy or carbohydrate intake is low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dietary proteins are digested into amino acids or small peptides |
|
|
Term
| When amino acids are transported to the liver, they... |
|
Definition
Are made into proteins
Released into the blood for uptake by other cells for building and repair functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for energy or stored as triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| Amino Acid utilization for energy begins with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ammonia from amino acid deamination |
|
Definition
Used as nitrogen source for synthesis of nonessential amino acids
High levels are toxic
Liver converts it to less toxic urea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycolysis or TCA pathway |
|
|
Term
| Glucogenic amino acids are converted to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ketogenic amino acids are converted to... |
|
Definition
| acetyle CoA by the TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
| cycle for the energy extracted from amino acids |
|
Definition
| amino acids-> carbon skeletons-> oxaloacetate or acetyl CoA or pyruvate or TCA cycle-> TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
| the body turns to its own tissues for energy during... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| methods for estimating protein quality |
|
Definition
| chemical score and PDCAAS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limiting amino acid compared to the amino acid in a reference food |
|
|
Term
| examples of highly digestible proteins (90+% absorption) |
|
Definition
| animal protein and many soy products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell growth, repair, maintenance, red blood cells
Enzymes and hormones
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Acid−base balance
Immune system
Energy source, deamination
Nutrient transport and storage |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen balance determines.... |
|
Definition
| protein needs and adequacy of intake for actual needs |
|
|
Term
| Example of positive nitrogen balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of negative nitrogen balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein adequacy is calculated as |
|
Definition
| nitrogen intake – nitrogen excretion |
|
|
Term
| Example of in nitrogen balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.8 to 1.0g/ kg body weight/day |
|
|
Term
| recommended percentage intake for protein |
|
Definition
| 10-35% of total energy intake |
|
|
Term
| protein needs are higher during..... |
|
Definition
| growth and development (children, adolescents, and pregnant/lactating women) |
|
|
Term
| how can too much protein be harmful? |
|
Definition
causes high cholesterol and heart disease
Contribution to bone loss
Kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| animal-protein rich diets are associated with.... |
|
Definition
| high blood cholesterol levels |
|
|
Term
| ____ protein diets increase calcium excretion and possibly lead to bone loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High protein intakes are associated with an increased risk among susceptible individuals |
|
|
Term
| What is the maximum safe amount of protein per kg of body weight for healthy people? |
|
Definition
| 2 g of protein/kg body weight/ day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Meats
Milk-based products
Soy products
Legumes (lacks Vit. B12)
Whole grains
Nuts (2-5 oz per week)
Quorn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| restricting the diet to foods of plant origin |
|
|
Term
| People chose vegetarianism for... |
|
Definition
Health benefits
Ecological reasons
Religious reasons
Ethical reasons
Concerns over food safety |
|
|
Term
| Types of vegetarian diets |
|
Definition
Semivegetarian (Flexitarian)
Pescovegetarian
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Lactovegetarian
Ovovegetarian
Vegan
Macrobiotic Diet
Fruitarian |
|
|
Term
| Health benefits of vegetarianism |
|
Definition
Lower fat and total energy intake
Lower blood pressure
Reduced risk of heart disease
Fewer digestive problems
Reduced risk of some cancers
Reduced risk of kidney disease, kidney stones, and gallstones |
|
|
Term
| Challenges of vegetarianism |
|
Definition
can be low in some nutrients
associated with disordered eating
varied and adequate diet planning |
|
|
Term
| Protein-energy malnutrition (PCM) |
|
Definition
Caused by inadequate protein and energy intake
Swollen abdomen from excess fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grossly inadequate energy and nutrient intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wasting and weakening of muscles (heart)
Stunted brain development and learning
Depressed metabolism
Stunted physical growth
Deterioration of the intestinal lining (anemia)
Severely weakened immune system
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease resulting from low protein intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some weight loss and muscle wasting
Retarded growth and development
Edema resulting in distention of the belly
Fatty degeneration of the liver
Loss of appetite, sadness, irritability, apathy
Skin problems and hair loss |
|
|
Term
| Examples of disorders that are caused by defective DNA |
|
Definition
Phenylketonuria
Sickle cell anemia
Cystic fibrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inherited disease
Cannot breakdown phenylalanine, which causes a build up in tissues and can cause brain damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells become crescent shaped causing them to become hard and sticky |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inherited disease affecting the respiratory system and digestive tract
Alteration of chloride transport in cells
Cells secrete a thick, sticky mucus |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of sickle cell anemia |
|
Definition
| Impaired vision, headaches, convulsions, bone degeneration |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of cystic fibrosis |
|
Definition
| wheezing, coughing, and stunted growth |
|
|
