Term
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Definition
important source of energy for all cells
preferred energy source for nerve cells |
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Term
| what carbohydrates are made of |
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Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| fruits, vegetables, grains |
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Term
| what is the most abundant carbohydrate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| by plants through photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
contain one or two molecules
commonly referred to as sugars |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| examples of monosaccharides |
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Definition
| glucose, fructose, and galactose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| examples of disaccharides |
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Definition
| lactose, maltose, and sucrose |
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Term
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Definition
| monosaccharides; most abundance sugar molecule in our diet; good energy source |
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Term
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Definition
| monosaccharides; sweetest natural sugar; found in fruit, high-fructose corn syrup |
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Term
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Definition
| monosaccharides; does not occur alone in foods; binds with glucose to form lactose |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oligosaccharides and polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| contains 3 to 10 monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| consist of hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules |
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Term
| examples of complex carbohydrates |
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Definition
| starch, glycogen, and most fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide; storage form of glucose in plants; food sources include grains, legumes, and tubers |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharides; storage form of glucose in animals; stored in liver and muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharides; forms the support structures of leaves, stems, and plants |
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Term
| plants store carbohydrates as.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| straight chain of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| branched chain of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose molecules linked by beta bonds are largely indigestible |
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Term
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Definition
| grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables |
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Term
| what is the storage form of glucose for animals (humans)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stored in the liver and muscles |
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Term
| what type of complex carbohydrate is not found in food and therefore not a source of dietary carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is composed of long polysaccharide chains? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| non-digestible parts of plants |
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Term
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Definition
| non-digestible forms of carbohydrates extracted from plants or manufactured in a lab and have known health benefits |
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Term
| dietary fiber + functional fiber = |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dissolves in water; viscous and gel-forming
fermentable, digested by intestinal bacteria |
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Term
| what is associated with risk reduction of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of soluble fibers |
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Definition
| pectin, gum, and mucilage |
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Term
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Definition
Do not dissolve in water, non-viscous
Cannot be fermented by bacteria in the colon
Promote regular bowel movements |
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Term
| examples of insoluble fibers |
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Definition
| lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses |
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Term
| good sources of insoluble fibers |
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Definition
| whole grains, seeds, legumes, fruits, and vegetables |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
breaks carbohydrates down to maltose |
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Term
| what inactivates salivary amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does most digestion of carbohydrates occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine |
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Term
| what digests carbohydrates to maltose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzymes in the microvilli digest disaccharides to monosaccharides? |
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Definition
| maltase, sucrase, lactase |
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Term
| where are monosaccharides absorbed? |
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Definition
| into the cells lining the small intestine and then enter the bloodstream |
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Term
| all _________ are converted to glucose by the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| what is our primary energy source? |
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Definition
| glucose circulating in the blood |
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Term
| where is excess glucose stored? |
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Definition
| stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles |
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Term
| we do not have the enzymes necessary to digest....? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is able to break down some fiber? |
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Definition
| bacteria in the large intestine |
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Term
| What hormones control blood glucose levels? |
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Definition
insulin
glucagon
epinephrine
norepinephrine
cortisol
growth hormone |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by beta cells of the pancreas
Stimulates glucose transporters to help take glucose from the blood across the cell membrane
Stimulates the liver to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas
Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose
Stimulates gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the production of glucose from amino acids |
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Term
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
| Secreted by the adrenal glands and nerve endings when blood glucose is low |
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Term
| What increases glycogen breakdown in the liver, releasing glucose into the blood? |
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| what is responsible for our "fight-or-flight" reactions to danger? |
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| cortisol and growth hormone |
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Definition
| Secreted by the adrenal glands to act on the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue |
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Term
| Cortisol increases and decreases what? |
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Definition
| Increases gluconeogenesis and decreases muscle glucose use |
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Term
| Growth hormone increases and decreases what? |
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Definition
decreases muscle glucose uptake
increases fatty acid mobilization and use
increases liver glucose output |
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Term
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Definition
| a food's potential to raise blood glucose |
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Term
| foods with a high glycemic index cause... |
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Definition
| a sudden surge in blood glucose, triggering a large increase in insulin, which may be followed by a dramatic fall in blood glucose |
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Term
| foods with a low glycemic index cause... |
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Definition
| low to moderate fluctuations in blood glucose |
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Term
| glycemic index absorption rate varies with... |
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Definition
| the type of carbohydrate, preparation methods, and its fat and fiber content |
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Term
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Definition
| used to determine the effect of a food on a person's glucose response |
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Term
| grams of carbohydrates in a good are multiplied by the.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycemic Index is used to |
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Definition
| used to quantitate the degree of change in blood sugar compared with a reference food of same weight |
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Term
| foods with ____ glycemic index raise ___ and insulin levels more than foods with ____ glycemic index |
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Definition
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Term
| what determines how rapidly a particular carbohydrate turns to sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lower glycemic Index benefits |
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Definition
less fluctuations in blood glucose
risk reduction for heart disease and colon cancer |
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Term
| foods with lower glycemic index |
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Definition
| beans, fresh vegetables, whole wheat |
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Term
| Energy amount for carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
| red blood cells use only ____ for energy |
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Definition
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Term
| what supplies energy for daily activities? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is especially important for energy during exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fat breakdown during fasting forms ketones |
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Term
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Definition
| caused when excess ketones increase blood acidity |
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Term
| What prevents ketone production as alternate energy source? |
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Definition
| Sufficient energy from carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a diet is deficient in carbohydrates |
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Term
| When the body is deficient in carbohydrates, it makes it own glucose from.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Fiber may reduce the risk of |
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Definition
colon cancer
diverticulosis
heart disease
type 2 diabetes
enhances weight loss |
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Term
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Definition
| hemorrhoids, constipation, and other intestinal problems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 45% to 65% of daily calories |
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Term
| diets high in simple sugars.... |
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Definition
Can cause tooth decay
May increase “bad cholesterol”
May decrease “good cholesterol”
May contribute to obesity |
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Term
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Definition
| foods in which nutrients that were lost during processing have been added back so the food meets a specified standard |
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Term
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Definition
| have nutrients added that did not originally exist in the food (or existed in insignificant amounts) |
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Term
| most Americans eat too little.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Adequate Intake for fiber |
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Definition
25 g/day for women
38 g/day for men
14 g of fiber for ever 1000 kcal per day |
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Term
| where is it best to get fiber from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of nutritive sweeteners |
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Definition
| Sucrose, fructose, honey, and brown sugar |
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Term
| Nutritive sweeteners contain ___ kcal energy/gram |
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Definition
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Term
| Slow-absorbing sugar alcohols contain ___ kcal/gram |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-nutritive (alternative) sweeteners |
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Definition
| provides little or no energy |
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Term
| Non-nutritive (alternative) sweeteners are safe for... |
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Definition
| adults, children, and people with diabetes |
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Term
| Alternative Sweeteners examples |
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Definition
Saccharin
Acesulfame-K
Aspartame
Sucralose
Truvia and PureVia (stevia plant) |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to regulate blood glucose levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Type 1, type 2, gestational |
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Term
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Definition
Formerly insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)-10%
May be an autoimmune disease
Destruction of pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin |
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Term
| type 1 diabetes is common for who? |
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Definition
| children and young adults |
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Term
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Definition
Formerly non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Develops because of insulin resistance, combined with a relative (not absolute) insulin deficiency |
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Term
| most common form of diabetes (90%) |
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Definition
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Term
| type 2 diabetes is common for |
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Definition
| Adults (age 45+), overweight & sedentary, and family history |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Begins or first recognized during pregnancy
Develops in 2% to 5% of all pregnancies but disappears when a pregnancy is over. |
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Term
| Risk factors for gestational diabetes |
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Definition
obesity
GD in previous pregnancy
insulin-resistant/ or insulin deficient
history of delivering macrosomic newborn (> 10 lb)
decrease in fiber intake, increase in glycemic-load diets |
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Term
| Complications and consequences of gestational diabetes |
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Definition
spontaneous abortion
still births
neonatal death
congenital abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
| low blood glucose may cause shakiness, sweating, anxiety, and weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreas secretes too much insulin after a high-carbohydrate meal |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreas produces too much insulin, even when someone has not eaten |
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