Term
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Definition
| physiological drive for food;NONSPECIFIC, can be satisfied by a variety of different foods |
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Definition
| psychological desire to consume specific foods; aroused by environmental cues; can have one without the other |
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Definition
| physiological need for food yet no appetite |
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Term
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Definition
triggers feelings of hunger or satiation (fullness)
located above the pituitary gland and the brain stem in an area of the brain that regulates involuntary activities
integrates signals from nerve cells, chemical messengers (hormones), and the amount and type of food consumed |
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Term
| Role of nerve cells and hunger |
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Definition
Special cells lining the stomach and SI
[enteric and gastric neurons (via the vagus nerve) lining the stomach and small intestine
detect changes in pressure which indicate whether the organ is empty or distended with food |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands to help regulate body functions |
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Term
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Definition
| insulin and glucagon, maintains blood glucose levels |
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Term
| ghrelin, neuropeptide-Y, and galanin |
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Definition
| What are the Stimulating hormones for hunger? |
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Term
| Leptin, cholecystokinin, and serotonin |
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Definition
| What are the suppressing hormones for hunger? |
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Term
| Role of food type on hunger |
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Definition
Proteins have the highest satiety value (will feel satiated for longer)
High-fat diets have a higher satiety value than high-carbohydrate diets
Bulky meals (high in fiber and water) distend the stomach and promote a sense of satiety |
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Term
| Role of environmental cues in appetite |
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Definition
Social and cultural cues: special occasions, certain locations, being with others, time of day, etc.
Sensory data: sight, smell, taste, texture, sound
Learned factors: family, community, religion, culture |
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Term
1) senses
2) social
3) emotions
4) learned responses |
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Definition
| 4 significant cues stimulating appetite |
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Term
| Digestion, absorption, elimination |
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Definition
| What three processes does food undergo? |
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Term
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Definition
| large food molecules are broken down to smaller molecules, mechanically and chemically |
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Term
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Definition
| process of taking these products through the intestinal wall |
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Term
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Definition
| undigested portions of food and waste products are excreted from the body |
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Term
| The Gastrointestinal Tract (GI) |
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Definition
AKA Alimentary canal
a series of organs arranged in a long tube that process foods
Sphincters |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that control the passage of food material from one GIT organ to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| "region of head"=________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Chewing moistens the food and mechanically breaks it into smaller pieces; exposes more surface area to digestive juices |
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Term
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Definition
contains digestive juices secreted by the salivary gland in the mouth
initiation of chemical digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| detects distinct tastes such as: bitter, sweet, salty, sour, and umami (savory taste due to glutamic acid) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
complex chemicals that induce chemical changes in other substances to speed up bodily processes, initiating catalysis
all end with -ase
Salivary amylase begins starch digestion in the saliva- Begins CHO digestion |
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Term
Bicarbonates neutralize acids, (pH buffer)
Mucus moistens the food and oral cavity
Antibodies: defends against bacteria
Lysozymes: inhibit bacterial growth, may assist preventing tooth decay |
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Definition
| What are the components of saliva? (4) |
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Term
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Definition
| the mass of food chewed and moistened in the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| This covers the opening to the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| food travels from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular contractions that move through the GI tract; involuntary and rhythmic |
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Term
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Definition
occurs as the stomach mixes and churns the food and gastric juice
esophageal sphincters |
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Term
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Definition
stimulates gastric glands
hormones secreted by G cells in stomach lining stimulates the gastric glands to produce HCL (gastric acid/juice)
stomach lining resistant to this acid via mucus secretion |
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Term
| parietal cells and chief cells |
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Definition
| What two type of cells line the gastric glands? |
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Term
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Definition
| cells lining the gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor |
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Term
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Definition
| cells lining the gastric glands that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase |
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Term
HCL denatures proteins and activates pepsin
Pepsin: enzyme to digest protein
Gastric lipase: enzyme to digest fat
Intrinsic factor: protein to absorb vitamin B12 |
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Definition
| Gastric juice contains... (4) |
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Term
| duodeum, jejunum, and ileum |
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Definition
| 3 sections of small intestine |
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Term
| Ileocecal valve (sphincter) |
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Definition
| connects the small intestine to the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| the large intestine is referred to as this |
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Term
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Definition
| contracting segmental pouches |
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Term
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Definition
a chemical reaction that breaks down substances by addition of water
Enzymes are specific to carbohydrates, protein, and fat digestion |
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Term
| Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP; stimulates insulin) |
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Definition
| Key hormones involved in digestion (4) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones with potential digestive roles (2) |
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Term
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Definition
| produce, store, and secrete enzymes and other chemicals that are involved in digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| gallbladder stores this greenish fluid, produced by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| a pear-shaped organ beneath the liver that stores bile and secretes it into the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
-manufactures, holds, and secretes digestive enzymes
-stores enzymes in the inactive form |
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Term
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Definition
synthesizes chemicals for metabolism
receives the products of digestion via the portal vein
releases glucose from glycogen stores
stores vitamins
manufactures blood proteins
filters the blood, removing wastes and toxins |
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Term
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Definition
process of taking molecules across a cell membrane and into cells of the body
small amount occurs in the stomach and large intestine, most occurs in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| lining of the GI tract, has special structures to facilitate absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| folds in the lining that allow it to absorb more nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| absorptive cells in the villi |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| capillaries and a lacteal |
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Definition
| These are inside each villus |
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Term
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Definition
| a term that describes the microvilli of the small intestine's lining. These microvilli tremendously increase the small intestine's absorptive capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients simply pass through the enterocytes and into the bloodstream without the use of a carrier or energy |
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Term
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Definition
| requires a carrier protein or water channel |
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Term
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Definition
requires energy and a protein carrer to transport nutrients
may go against concentration gradient |
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Term
| endocytosis (pinocytosis) |
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Definition
| active transport by which a small amount of intestinal contents is engulfed by the cell membrane into the cell |
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Term
| 4 types of absorption in the small intestine |
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Definition
| passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
travels through the cardiovascular system (capillaries)
delivers nutrients to the tissues and picks up waste products |
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Term
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Definition
| ________travels through the lymphatic system |
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Term
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Definition
| ______pick up most lipids and fat-soluble vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of immune cells that filter microbes and other harmful agents |
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Term
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Definition
entire GI tract is comprised of smooth muscle except upper area of esophagus and mouth
involuntary, non-striated, slow contractions |
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Term
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Definition
movement of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles that run along the entire GIT
pushes the contents form one area to the next |
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Term
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Definition
rhythmic contraction of circular muscles in the intestinal wall
mixes the chyme and enhances its contract with digestive enzymes and enterocytes |
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Term
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Definition
contains longitudinal, circular, and diagonal muscles
alternately contract and relax, churning the stomach and moving its contents toward the pyloric sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
segmentations in the colon that contract sluggishly to move contents
toward the sigmoid colon
2 per hour |
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Term
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Definition
occasionally occurs to move wastes toward the rectum
strong, forceful
1-2 times per day |
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Term
| Muscle contraction rate depends on its location in the GI tract and presence of food |
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Definition
Stomach: 3 times/minute
Small intestine: up to 10 times per minute
Haustra: 2 times per hour
voluntary muscles are in the mouth
involuntary muscles take over in the GI tract |
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Term
| Enteric nervous system (ENS) |
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Definition
in the gut wall
embedded in the lining of the GI system |
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Term
| Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves |
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Definition
| ___________nerves of the autonomic nervous system, which is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Term
| Central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| __________includes the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily caused by swallowed air, eating too fast, improperly fitted dentures, and chewing gum |
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Term
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Definition
normal process that may be caused by:
-foods rich in fiber, starches, and sugar
-bacteria that act on partially digested carbs
-the fat substitute olestra and sugar alcohols
-beano can offer some relief |
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Term
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Definition
| Heartburn is caused by ________ in the esophagus |
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Term
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
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Definition
| painful, persisten heartburn |
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Term
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Definition
Caused of ________
-hiatal hernia
-cigarette smoking or alcohol use
-being overweight
-pregnancy
-chocolate, citrus, spicy or fried foods
-large high-fat meal
-lying down soon after a meal |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of the GI tract that have been eroded by HCL and pepsin |
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Term
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Definition
| WHat is the bacterium that plays a key role in development of both gastric and duodenal ulcers |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of GI symptoms (gas, pain, diarrhea) that occur following consumption of a particular food |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system to a particular component (usually a protein) in a food |
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Term
| Located above the pituitary gland and the brain stem |
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Definition
| Where is the hypothalamus located? |
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Term
| nerve cells, chemical messengers (hormones), and the amount and type of food consumed |
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Definition
| Where does the hypothalamus integrate signals from? (3) |
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Term
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Definition
| What excretes hormones into the body? |
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Term
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Definition
| What pancreatic hormones maintain blood glucose levels? |
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Term
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Definition
| What food has the highest satiety value? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the other name for the GI tract? |
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Term
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Definition
| The earliest phase of digestion in which the brain thinks about and prepares the digestive organs for the consumption of food |
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Term
1. bitter
2. sweet
3. salty
4. sour
5. umami |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a savory taste due to the presence of glutamic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the other name for the GI tract? |
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Term
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Definition
| The earliest phase of digestion in which the brain thinks about and prepares the digestive organs for the consumption of food |
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Term
1. bitter
2. sweet
3. salty
4. sour
5. umami |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a savory taste due to the presence of glutamic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| What do all enzymes end in? |
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Term
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Definition
| Where does starch (carbohydrate) digestion begin? |
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Term
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Definition
| What enzyme starts carbohydrate digestion? |
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Term
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Definition
| a muscular tube of the GI tract connecting the back of the mouth to the stomach |
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Term
| the gastro-esophageal sphincter |
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Definition
| What sphincter is at the end of the esophagus? |
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Term
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Definition
| a J-shaped organ where food is partially digested, churned, and stored until released into the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| acidic liquid secreted within the stomach; it contains hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and other compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| What protein is critical in the absorption of vitamin B12 |
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Term
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Definition
| a semifluid mass consisting of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices |
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Term
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Definition
| the longest portion of the GI tract where most digestion and absorption takes place |
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Term
1. gallbladder
2. bile
3. pancreas |
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Definition
| what are the accessory organs? |
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Term
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
salivary amylase |
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Term
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
pepsin |
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Term
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
gastric lipase |
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Term
| pancreas; small intestine |
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypolypeptidase) |
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Term
| pancreas; small intestine |
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
elastase |
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Term
| pancreas; small intestine |
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
pancreatic lipase |
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Term
| pancreas; small intestine |
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
cholesterol esterase |
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Term
| pancreas; small intestine |
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
pancreatic amylase |
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Term
| small intestine; small intestine |
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase |
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Term
| small intestine; small intestine |
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
lipase |
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Term
| small intestine; small intestine |
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
sucrase |
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Term
| small intestine; small intestine |
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
maltase |
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Term
| small intestine; small intestine |
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Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
lactase |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones bind to the receptor on the cell membrane and activate a(n) ________ within the cell to achieve the targeted response |
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Term
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Definition
| What signals the gallbladder to release bile via common bile duct ? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
enzymes from the pancreas
-Pancreatic ______ digests carbohydrates
-Pancreatic _____ digests fats
-_____ digests proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ and _______ (hormones) are produced to regulate blood glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ is secreted to neutralize chyme |
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Term
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Definition
| a vessel that carries blood and various product of digestion from the digestive organs and spleen to the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the largest auxiliary organ? |
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Term
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Definition
| the hair like projections of each enterocyte |
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Term
| passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis |
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Definition
| What are the 4 types of absorption in the small intestine? |
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Term
| enteric nervous system (ENS) |
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Definition
| the nerves of the GI tract |
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