Shared Flashcard Set

Details

nutrition chapter 3
n/a
132
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
02/05/2013

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hunger
Definition
physiological drive for food;NONSPECIFIC, can be satisfied by a variety of different foods
Term
Appetite
Definition
psychological desire to consume specific foods; aroused by environmental cues; can have one without the other
Term
Anorexia
Definition
physiological need for food yet no appetite
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
triggers feelings of hunger or satiation (fullness)

located above the pituitary gland and the brain stem in an area of the brain that regulates involuntary activities

integrates signals from nerve cells, chemical messengers (hormones), and the amount and type of food consumed
Term
Role of nerve cells and hunger
Definition
Special cells lining the stomach and SI
[enteric and gastric neurons (via the vagus nerve) lining the stomach and small intestine

detect changes in pressure which indicate whether the organ is empty or distended with food
Term
Hormones
Definition
Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands to help regulate body functions
Term
Pancreatic hormones
Definition
insulin and glucagon, maintains blood glucose levels
Term
ghrelin, neuropeptide-Y, and galanin
Definition
What are the Stimulating hormones for hunger?
Term
Leptin, cholecystokinin, and serotonin
Definition
What are the suppressing hormones for hunger?
Term
Role of food type on hunger
Definition
Proteins have the highest satiety value (will feel satiated for longer)

High-fat diets have a higher satiety value than high-carbohydrate diets

Bulky meals (high in fiber and water) distend the stomach and promote a sense of satiety
Term
Role of environmental cues in appetite
Definition
Social and cultural cues: special occasions, certain locations, being with others, time of day, etc.

Sensory data: sight, smell, taste, texture, sound

Learned factors: family, community, religion, culture
Term
1) senses
2) social
3) emotions
4) learned responses
Definition
4 significant cues stimulating appetite
Term
Digestion, absorption, elimination
Definition
What three processes does food undergo?
Term
Digestion
Definition
large food molecules are broken down to smaller molecules, mechanically and chemically
Term
Absorption
Definition
process of taking these products through the intestinal wall
Term
Elimination
Definition
undigested portions of food and waste products are excreted from the body
Term
The Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)
Definition
AKA Alimentary canal

a series of organs arranged in a long tube that process foods

Sphincters
Term
Sphincters
Definition
muscles that control the passage of food material from one GIT organ to the next
Term
Cephalic
Definition
"region of head"=________
Term
Mechanical digestion
Definition
Chewing moistens the food and mechanically breaks it into smaller pieces; exposes more surface area to digestive juices
Term
Saliva
Definition
contains digestive juices secreted by the salivary gland in the mouth

initiation of chemical digestion
Term
Taste receptors
Definition
detects distinct tastes such as: bitter, sweet, salty, sour, and umami (savory taste due to glutamic acid)
Term
Olfactory receptors
Definition
detects aromas of food
Term
Enzymes
Definition
complex chemicals that induce chemical changes in other substances to speed up bodily processes, initiating catalysis

all end with -ase

Salivary amylase begins starch digestion in the saliva- Begins CHO digestion
Term
Bicarbonates neutralize acids, (pH buffer)

Mucus moistens the food and oral cavity

Antibodies: defends against bacteria

Lysozymes: inhibit bacterial growth, may assist preventing tooth decay
Definition
What are the components of saliva? (4)
Term
Bolus
Definition
the mass of food chewed and moistened in the mouth
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
This covers the opening to the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing
Term
Chewing
Definition
mastication=______
Term
Swallowing
Definition
deglutition=________
Term
chewing and swallowing
Definition
food travels from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
muscular contractions that move through the GI tract; involuntary and rhythmic
Term
Mechanical digestion
Definition
occurs as the stomach mixes and churns the food and gastric juice

esophageal sphincters
Term
Gastrin
Definition
stimulates gastric glands

hormones secreted by G cells in stomach lining stimulates the gastric glands to produce HCL (gastric acid/juice)

stomach lining resistant to this acid via mucus secretion
Term
parietal cells and chief cells
Definition
What two type of cells line the gastric glands?
Term
Parietal cells
Definition
cells lining the gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
Term
Chief cells
Definition
cells lining the gastric glands that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Term
HCL denatures proteins and activates pepsin

Pepsin: enzyme to digest protein

Gastric lipase: enzyme to digest fat

Intrinsic factor: protein to absorb vitamin B12
Definition
Gastric juice contains... (4)
Term
duodeum, jejunum, and ileum
Definition
3 sections of small intestine
Term
Ileocecal valve (sphincter)
Definition
connects the small intestine to the large intestine
Term
Colon
Definition
the large intestine is referred to as this
Term
Haustra
Definition
contracting segmental pouches
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
a chemical reaction that breaks down substances by addition of water

Enzymes are specific to carbohydrates, protein, and fat digestion
Term
Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP; stimulates insulin)
Definition
Key hormones involved in digestion (4)
Term
Somatostatin, ghrelin
Definition
Hormones with potential digestive roles (2)
Term
Accessory Organs
Definition
produce, store, and secrete enzymes and other chemicals that are involved in digestion
Term
Bile
Definition
gallbladder stores this greenish fluid, produced by the liver
Term
Gallbladder
Definition
a pear-shaped organ beneath the liver that stores bile and secretes it into the small intestine
Term
Pancreas
Definition
-manufactures, holds, and secretes digestive enzymes
-stores enzymes in the inactive form
Term
Liver
Definition
synthesizes chemicals for metabolism

receives the products of digestion via the portal vein

releases glucose from glycogen stores

stores vitamins

manufactures blood proteins

filters the blood, removing wastes and toxins
Term
Absorption
Definition
process of taking molecules across a cell membrane and into cells of the body

small amount occurs in the stomach and large intestine, most occurs in the small intestine
Term
Mucosal membrane
Definition
lining of the GI tract, has special structures to facilitate absorption
Term
Villi
Definition
folds in the lining that allow it to absorb more nutrients
Term
Enterocytes
Definition
absorptive cells in the villi
Term
Lacteal
Definition
small lymph vessel
Term
capillaries and a lacteal
Definition
These are inside each villus
Term
Brush border
Definition
a term that describes the microvilli of the small intestine's lining. These microvilli tremendously increase the small intestine's absorptive capacity
Term
passive diffusion
Definition
nutrients simply pass through the enterocytes and into the bloodstream without the use of a carrier or energy
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
requires a carrier protein or water channel
Term
active transport
Definition
requires energy and a protein carrer to transport nutrients

may go against concentration gradient
Term
endocytosis (pinocytosis)
Definition
active transport by which a small amount of intestinal contents is engulfed by the cell membrane into the cell
Term
4 types of absorption in the small intestine
Definition
passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis
Term
Blood
Definition
travels through the cardiovascular system (capillaries)

delivers nutrients to the tissues and picks up waste products
Term
Lymph
Definition
________travels through the lymphatic system
Term
Lacteals
Definition
______pick up most lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
clusters of immune cells that filter microbes and other harmful agents
Term
Muscles of GI tract
Definition
entire GI tract is comprised of smooth muscle except upper area of esophagus and mouth

involuntary, non-striated, slow contractions
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
movement of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles that run along the entire GIT

pushes the contents form one area to the next
Term
Segmentation
Definition
rhythmic contraction of circular muscles in the intestinal wall

mixes the chyme and enhances its contract with digestive enzymes and enterocytes
Term
Stomach
Definition
contains longitudinal, circular, and diagonal muscles

alternately contract and relax, churning the stomach and moving its contents toward the pyloric sphincter
Term
Haustra
Definition
segmentations in the colon that contract sluggishly to move contents

toward the sigmoid colon

2 per hour
Term
Mass movement
Definition
occasionally occurs to move wastes toward the rectum

strong, forceful

1-2 times per day
Term
Muscle contraction rate depends on its location in the GI tract and presence of food
Definition
Stomach: 3 times/minute
Small intestine: up to 10 times per minute
Haustra: 2 times per hour

voluntary muscles are in the mouth

involuntary muscles take over in the GI tract
Term
Enteric nervous system (ENS)
Definition
in the gut wall

embedded in the lining of the GI system
Term
Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
Definition
___________nerves of the autonomic nervous system, which is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Term
Central nervous system (CNS)
Definition
__________includes the brain and spinal cord
Term
Belching
Definition
primarily caused by swallowed air, eating too fast, improperly fitted dentures, and chewing gum
Term
Flatus (intestinal gas)
Definition
normal process that may be caused by:
-foods rich in fiber, starches, and sugar
-bacteria that act on partially digested carbs
-the fat substitute olestra and sugar alcohols
-beano can offer some relief
Term
hydrochloric acid
Definition
Heartburn is caused by ________ in the esophagus
Term
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Definition
painful, persisten heartburn
Term
causes of GERD
Definition
Caused of ________
-hiatal hernia
-cigarette smoking or alcohol use
-being overweight
-pregnancy
-chocolate, citrus, spicy or fried foods
-large high-fat meal
-lying down soon after a meal
Term
peptic ulcers
Definition
areas of the GI tract that have been eroded by HCL and pepsin
Term
Helicobacter pylori
Definition
WHat is the bacterium that plays a key role in development of both gastric and duodenal ulcers
Term
food intolerance
Definition
cluster of GI symptoms (gas, pain, diarrhea) that occur following consumption of a particular food
Term
food allergy
Definition
a hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system to a particular component (usually a protein) in a food
Term
Located above the pituitary gland and the brain stem
Definition
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Term
nerve cells, chemical messengers (hormones), and the amount and type of food consumed
Definition
Where does the hypothalamus integrate signals from? (3)
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
What excretes hormones into the body?
Term
insulin and glucagon
Definition
What pancreatic hormones maintain blood glucose levels?
Term
proteins
Definition
What food has the highest satiety value?
Term
alimentary canal
Definition
What is the other name for the GI tract?
Term
cephalic phase
Definition
The earliest phase of digestion in which the brain thinks about and prepares the digestive organs for the consumption of food
Term
1. bitter
2. sweet
3. salty
4. sour
5. umami
Definition
What are the 5 tastes?
Term
umami
Definition
a savory taste due to the presence of glutamic acid
Term
alimentary canal
Definition
What is the other name for the GI tract?
Term
cephalic phase
Definition
The earliest phase of digestion in which the brain thinks about and prepares the digestive organs for the consumption of food
Term
1. bitter
2. sweet
3. salty
4. sour
5. umami
Definition
What are the 5 tastes?
Term
umami
Definition
a savory taste due to the presence of glutamic acid
Term
-ase
Definition
What do all enzymes end in?
Term
in the mouth
Definition
Where does starch (carbohydrate) digestion begin?
Term
salivary amylase
Definition
What enzyme starts carbohydrate digestion?
Term
esophagus
Definition
a muscular tube of the GI tract connecting the back of the mouth to the stomach
Term
the gastro-esophageal sphincter
Definition
What sphincter is at the end of the esophagus?
Term
stomach
Definition
a J-shaped organ where food is partially digested, churned, and stored until released into the small intestine
Term
gastric juice
Definition
acidic liquid secreted within the stomach; it contains hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and other compounds
Term
intrinsic factor
Definition
What protein is critical in the absorption of vitamin B12
Term
chyme
Definition
a semifluid mass consisting of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
Term
small intestine
Definition
the longest portion of the GI tract where most digestion and absorption takes place
Term
1. gallbladder
2. bile
3. pancreas
Definition
what are the accessory organs?
Term
mouth; mouth
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
salivary amylase
Term
stomach; stomach
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
pepsin
Term
stomach; stomach
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
gastric lipase
Term
pancreas; small intestine
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypolypeptidase)
Term
pancreas; small intestine
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
elastase
Term
pancreas; small intestine
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
pancreatic lipase
Term
pancreas; small intestine
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
cholesterol esterase
Term
pancreas; small intestine
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
pancreatic amylase
Term
small intestine; small intestine
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase
Term
small intestine; small intestine
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
lipase
Term
small intestine; small intestine
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
sucrase
Term
small intestine; small intestine
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
maltase
Term
small intestine; small intestine
Definition
Where is produced and where is the site of action?
lactase
Term
second messenger system
Definition
Hormones bind to the receptor on the cell membrane and activate a(n) ________ within the cell to achieve the targeted response
Term
CCK
Definition
What signals the gallbladder to release bile via common bile duct ?
Term
emulsifies
Definition
Bile ______the lipids
Term
amylase
lipase
proteases
Definition
enzymes from the pancreas
-Pancreatic ______ digests carbohydrates
-Pancreatic _____ digests fats
-_____ digests proteins
Term
insulin and glucagon
Definition
_______ and _______ (hormones) are produced to regulate blood glucose
Term
bicarbonate
Definition
_________ is secreted to neutralize chyme
Term
portal vein
Definition
a vessel that carries blood and various product of digestion from the digestive organs and spleen to the liver
Term
liver
Definition
What is the largest auxiliary organ?
Term
microvilli
Definition
the hair like projections of each enterocyte
Term
passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis
Definition
What are the 4 types of absorption in the small intestine?
Term
enteric nervous system (ENS)
Definition
the nerves of the GI tract
Supporting users have an ad free experience!