Term
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Definition
| collections of cells adapted to form a specific function |
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| a group of tissues designed to perform a specific function for ex: the heart, which contains muscle tissue, nerve tissue and so on |
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| a collection of organs that work together to perform an overall function |
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| compartments, particles or filaments that perform specialized functions within a cell |
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| any of a class of fat related substances that contain phosphorus, fatty acids, and a nitrogen containing component. phospholipids are an essential part of every cell. |
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| a compound that speeds the rate of a chemical process but its not altered by that process. Almost all enzymes are protiens |
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Definition
| the fluid and organelles in a cell |
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Definition
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| an organelle bound by its own double membrane and containing chromosomes, the genetic information for cell protien synthesis and cell replication |
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Definition
| a specific segment on a chromosome. genes provide the blueprint for the production of cell protiens |
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Definition
| a single, large DNA molecule and its associated protiens; contains many genes to store and transmit genetic information |
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DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA
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Definition
| the site of hereditary information in the cells; DNA directs the synthesis of cell protiens |
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Definition
| the single stranded nucleic acid involved in the transcription of genetic information and translation of that information into protien structure |
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Definition
| information on DNA needed to make a protien is copied onto RNA |
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Definition
| cytoplasmic particals that mediate the linking together of amino acids to form protiens; may exist freely in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| the information contained in RNA is used to determine the amino acids in a protien |
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Term
GENE EXPRESSION
definition |
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Definition
| use of DNA information on a gene to produce a protien. thought to be a major determination of cell development |
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ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM
ER |
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Definition
| an organelle in the cytoplasm composed of a network of canals running through the cytoplasm. part of the ER contains ribosomes |
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Definition
| the cell organelle near the nucleus that processes newly synthesized protien for secretion or distribution to other organelles |
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SECRETORY VESICLES
definition |
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Definition
| membrane bound vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus; contains protien and other compounds to be secreted by the cell |
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Definition
| a cellular organelle that contains digestive enzymes for use inside the cell for turnover of cell parts |
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Definition
| a cell organelle that destroys toxic products within the cell |
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Term
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
ATP |
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Definition
| the main energy currency for cells. ATP energy is used to promote ion pumping, enzyme activity and muscular contraction |
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Term
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
definition
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Definition
| the surface cells that line the outside of the body and all external passages within it |
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Term
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
definition |
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Definition
| protien tissue that holds different structures in the body together. some structures are made up of connective tissue-notably, tendons and cartilage. connective tissue also forms part of bone and the nonmuscular structures of arteries and veins |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of tissue adapted to contract to cause movement |
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NERVOUS TISSUE
definition |
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Definition
| tissue composed of highly branched, elongated cells, which transport nerve impulses from one part of the body to another |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous waste product of protien metabolism; major source of nitrogen in urine |
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Term
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
definition |
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Definition
| the body system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. this system transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body and plays an important role in immune responses and regulation of body temperature |
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Term
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
definition |
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Definition
| a system of vessels and lymph that accepts fluid surrounding cells and large particles, such as products of fat absorption. lymph eventually passes into the bloodstream from the lymphatic system |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid, extracellular portion of the circulating blood. this includes the blood serum plus all blood clotting factors. in contrast- serum is the fluid that remains after clotting factors have been removed from plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| a clear fluid that flows through lymph vessels; carries most forms of fat afrer their absorption by the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| a microscopic blood vessel that connects the smallest arteries and veins; site of nutirent, oxygen and waste exchange between body cells and the blood |
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Definition
| a blood vessel that carries blood to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| large vein leaving tfrom the intsestine and stomach and connecting to the liver |
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Term
PORTAL CIRCULATION
definition |
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Definition
| the portion of the circulatory system that uses a large vein to carry nutrient rich blood from capi |
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
definition |
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Definition
| the body system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors. this system detects sensations, directs movements and controls physiological and intellectual functions |
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Term
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Definition
| the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. consists of a cell body; dendrites and an axon |
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Term
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Definition
| the space between one neuron and another neuron |
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Term
NEUROTRANSMITTER
definition |
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Definition
| a compound made by a nerve cell that allows for communication between it and other cells |
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Term
NOREPINEPHRINE
definition |
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter from nerve endings and a hormone from the adrenal gland. it is released in times of stress and is involved in hunger regulation, blood glucose regulation and other body processes |
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Term
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Definition
a hormone also known as adreniline;
it is released by the adrenal glands at times of stress. it acts to increase glycogen breakdown in the liver, among other functions |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid and protien combination that covers nerve fibers |
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Term
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
definition |
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Definition
| the body system consisting of the various glands and the hormones these glands secrete. this system has major regulatory functions in the body such as reproduction and cell metabolism |
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Term
ENDOCRINE GLAND
definition |
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Definition
| a hormone producing gland |
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THYROID HORMONE
definition
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Definition
| hormones produced by the thyroid gland that among their functions increase the rate of overall metabolism in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a site in a cell at which compounds bind. cells that contain receptors for a specific compound are partially controlled by that compound |
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Term
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Definition
| the body system consiting of white blood cells, lymph glands and vessels and various other body tissues. The immune system provides defense against for eign invaders primarily due to the action of various types of white blood cells. |
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Term
NON SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
definition
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Definition
| defenses that stop the invastion of pathogens; requires no previous encounter with a pathogen |
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Term
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
definition
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Definition
| protiens found in the blood that bind to specific antigens; also called antibodies. the five major classes of immunoglobulins play different roles in anti-body meditated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance that induces a state of sensitivity and or resistance to micro-organismsor toxic substances after a lag period; foreign substance that stimulates a specific aspect of the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| blood protien that binds foreign protiens found in the body. this helps to prevent and control infections |
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Term
SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
definition |
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Definition
| function of lymphocytes directed at specific antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme produced by a variety of cells; it can destroy bacteria by rupturing their cell membranes |
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Term
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
definition |
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Definition
one of the formed elements of the circulating blood system also called leukocytes
white blood cells are able to squeeze through intracellular spaces and migrate. they phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as detoxify protiens that may result from allergic reactions, cellular injury and other immune system cells |
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Term
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Definition
cells that engulf substances, include neurtophils and macrophages
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Term
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Definition
| process in which a cell forms an indentation, and particles or fluids enter the indentation and are engulfed by the cell |
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Term
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
definition |
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Definition
| a process in which certain white blood cells come in contact with the invading cells to destroy them |
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Term
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
definition
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Definition
| system consisting of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory structures. this system performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which large ingested molecules are mechanically and chemically broken down to produce basic nutrients that can be absorbed across the wall of the GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph |
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Term
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT
definition |
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Definition
the main sites in the body used for digestion and absorption of nutrients. it consits of the MOUTH...ESOPHAGUS...STOMACH...SMALL INTESTINE...LARGE INTESTINE...RECTUM...and...ANUS
aka digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| generally the ability to move spontaneously. it also refers to movement of food through the GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
| a brothy, meaty, savory flavor in some foods. monosodium glutamate enchances this flavor when added to foods |
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Term
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Definition
| watery fluid, produced by the salivary glands in the mouth, that contains lubricants, enzymes and other substances |
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Term
SALIVARY AMYLASE
definition |
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Definition
| a starch-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands |
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Term
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Definition
| a thick fluid secreted by many cells throughout the body. it contains a compound that has both carbohydrate and protein parts. it acts as a lubricant and means of protection for cells |
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Term
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Definition
| startch digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands and pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| fat digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands, stomach and pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| protien digesting enzyme produced by the stomach small intestine and pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| a tube in the GI tract that connects the pharynx with the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| the organ of the digestive tract and respitory tract located at the back of the oral and nasal cavities commonly known as the throat |
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Term
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Definition
| the flap that folds down and covers the trachea during swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| a moistened mass of food swallowed from the oral cavity into the pharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| a coordinated muscular contraction used to propel food down the GI tract |
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Term
LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
definition |
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Definition
a circular muscle that constricts the opening of the esophagus to the stomach also called the
Gastroesophageal Sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| a mixture of stomach secretions and partially digested food |
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Term
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
definition |
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Definition
| ring of smooth muscle between stomach and small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| the fingerlike projections into the small intestine that participate in digestion and aborption of food. |
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Term
ABSORPTIVE CELLS
definition |
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Definition
| intestinal cells that line villi; and participate in nutrient absorption |
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Term
ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER
definition |
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Definition
| the ring of smooth muscle between the end of the small intestine and the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that stimulates bacterial growth in the large intestines |
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Term
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Definition
product that contains specific types of bacteria. use is intended to colonize the large intestine with the specific bacteria in the product.
ex: yogurt |
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Term
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Definition
| terminal portion of the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| last portion of the GI tract; serves as an outlet for that organ |
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Term
ANAL SPHINCTERS
definition |
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Definition
| a group of two sphincters that help control expulsion of feces from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| an organ attached to the underside of the liver; site of bile storage, concentration and eventual secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| a liver secretion stored int the gallbladder and released through the common bile duct into the first segment of the small intestine. it is essential for the digestion and absorption of fat |
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Term
ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION
definition |
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Definition
| a continual recycling of compounds between the small intestine and the liver; bile acids are one example of a recycled compound |
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Term
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Definition
| the body system consisting of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and the ducts that carry urine. this system removes waste products from the circulatory system and regulates blood acid base balance, overall chemical balance and water balance in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| tube that transports urine from the kidney to urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| tube that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
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Term
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Definition
a measure of relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. the pH scale is 0 to 14
a pH below 7 is acidic
a pH above 7 is alkaline |
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Term
ERYTHROPOIETIN
definition |
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Definition
| a hormone secreted mostly by the kidneys that enhances red blood synthesis and stimulates red blood release from bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| study of how food impacts health through its interaction with our genes and is subsequent effect on gene expression |
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