Term
| What are the 4 life style choices affecting health/heart disease? |
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Definition
Smoking
Alcohol Consumption
Exercise
Nutrition |
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Term
| Name (some) the major diseases that nutrition affects. |
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Definition
Heart Disease- fat
Cancer(s)- dietary fat, vitamin a, antioxidants
Osteoperosis- calcium
Obesity- Kcal/exercise
Hypertension- sodium, calcium
Diabetes- overweight |
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Term
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Definition
chronic disease prevention
not disease cure |
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Term
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Definition
the science that links food to health and disease. It includes the processes by which the human organism...
- ingests
- digests
- absorbs
- transports
- excretes
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Term
| The difference between FOOD and NUTRIENTS |
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Definition
FOOD - gives energy in the form of calories and the materials to build & maintain all body cells
NUTRIENTS - are the substances obtained from food that are vital for growth & a healthy body |
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Term
| What does it take to be an ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT |
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Definition
- specific biological function of the nutrient must be identified
- omission of the nutrient must lead to a decline in certain biological functions (production of blood cells)
- replace the omitted nutrient in the diet before permanent damage occurs...will restore normal biological functions.
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Term
| What are the six classes of nutrients? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protiens
Vitamins
Minerals
Water |
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Term
| Factors influencing food choices |
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Definition
a. Rats/Animals ... if water/exercise
b. Humans
individual - prefrences
family - likes/dislikes
society - holidays/stress
economy - availability/cost
convinence
nutritional value |
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Term
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Definition
HUNGER APPETITE
Physiological Psychological
Adaptive Non Adaptive |
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Term
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Definition
definition: required for body function, cant be synthesized adequately
therefore... must come from diet
not same as necessary.
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Term
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Definition
water - >60% of weight
carbohydrate- simple, complex and fiber
lipid- (un)saturated, essential n3
protien- from 20 Amino Acids, 9 essential
vitamins- 13
minerals- 21 |
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Term
| Energy Yeilding Macro-Nutrients |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Fat
Protien
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Term
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Definition
calorie = ht to warm 1g water 1*C
Calorie = Cal = kcal = 1000 cals
usage: food energy is Calories or kcals
but usually & confusingly spelled calories |
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Term
Energy Density of Macronutrients
(at water values) |
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Definition
1 g CHO = 4 kcal
1 g protien = 4 kcal
1 g fat = 9 kcal
1 g alcohol = 7 kcal |
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Term
| Are Vitamins and Minerals oxidized or have energy? |
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Definition
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Term
Food Energy is Captured in Cells as ATP...
What is ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Energy Used in the Body? |
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Definition
muscular activity
metabolic reactions
heat |
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Term
| Inter-conversion of macronutrients |
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Definition
diet tissues
CHO -> fat, protien, CHO
protien -> CHO, fat
fat -> fat
alcohol -> fat
CANNOT CONVERT
fat to CHO
or
fat to protien |
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Term
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Definition
--how close to fully optimal are nutrient- dependent functions of the body--
Two Applications 1. an individual -- a students Ca status
2. a group -- the nations folate status
Two Uses 1. for one nutrient 2. for several/all |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances in food that contribute to health, many of which are essential parts of a diet. Nutrients nourish us by providing calories to fulfill energy needs, materials for building body parts, and factors to regulate necessary chemical processes in the body |
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Term
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT
definition |
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Definition
| In nutritional terms, a substance that, when left out of a diet, leads to signs of poor health. The body either can't produce this nutrient or can't produce enough of it to meet its needs. Then, if added back to a diet before permanent damage occurs , the affected aspects of health are restored. |
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Term
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Definition
| A six-carbon sugar that exists in a ring form, found as such in blood, and in table sugar bound to fructose; also known as dextrose, it is one of the simple sugars. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease or loss in blood flow to the brain that results from a blood clot or other change in arteries in the brain. This in turn causes the death of brain tissue. Also called a cerebrovascular accident. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Most are sugars, starches and fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound containing much carbon and hydrogen, little oxygen and sometimes other atoms. Lipids dont dissolve in water, and include fats, oils and cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| Food and body compounds made of amino acids; protiens contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes other atoms in a specific configuration. Protiens contain the form of nitrogen most easily used by the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compound needed in very small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Element used to promote chemical reactions and to form body structures |
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Term
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Definition
| The universal solvent; chemically H2O. The body is composed of about 60% water. Water (fluid) needs are about 9 (women) or 13 (men) cups per day; needs are greater if one excersizes heavily. |
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Term
KILOCALORIE (kcal)
definition |
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Definition
| Heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams (1 L) of water 1 degree Celsius; also written as Calories. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that cannont be seperated into simpler substances by chemical processes. Common elements in nutrition include Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus and Iron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monosaccharide or disaccharide in the diet. |
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Term
MONOSACCHARIDE
definition |
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Definition
| Simple sugar, such as glucose that is not broken down further during digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of sugars formed by the chemical bonding of two monosaccharides |
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Term
POLYSACCHARIDE
definition |
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Definition
| class of complex carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 10 to 1000 or more |
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Term
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE
definition |
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Definition
| Carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide molecules. Examples include glycogen, starch and fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| the structural basis of plant and animal organization. Cells contain genetic material and systems for synthesizing energy-yielding compounds. Cells have the ability to take up compounds from and excrete compounds into their surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| a nutrient needed in grain quantities in a diet |
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Term
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Definition
| a nutrient needed in miligram or microgram quantities in a diet |
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Term
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Definition
| a linkage between two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons or attractions |
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Term
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Definition
| substances in plant foods not digested by the processes that take place in the human stomach or small intestine. These add bulk to feces. Fiber naturally found in foods is also called dietary fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest combining unit of an element such as Iron or Calcium. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| the major form of lipid in the body and in food. it is composed of three fatty acids bonded into glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
| major part of most lipids; primarily composed of a chain of carbons flanked by hydrogen |
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Term
SATURATED FATTY ACID
definition |
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Definition
| a fatty acid containing no carbon-carbon double bonds |
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Term
UNSATURATED FATTY ACID
definition |
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Definition
| A fatty acid containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds |
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Term
TRANS FATTY ACIDS
definition |
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Definition
| A form of an unsaturated fatty acid, usually a monounsaturated one when found in food. in which the hydrogens on both carbons forming that double bond lie on opposite sides of that bond, rather than on the same side, as in most natural fats. Stick margarine, shortenings and deep fat fried foods in general are rich sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction. Almost all enzymes are protiens (some are made of genetic material) |
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Term
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Definition
| The building block for protiens containing a central carbon atom with nitrogen and other atoms attached. |
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Term
CHEMICAL REACTION
definition
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Definition
| an interaction between two chemicals that changes both chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance lacking carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance that contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that seperate into ions in water and, in turn, are able to conduct an electrical current. These include sodium, chloride and potassium. |
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Term
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Definition
| a liquid substance in which other substances dissolve |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical processes in the body by which energy is provided in useful forms and vital activities are sustained |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical found in plants. some phytochemicals may contribute to a reduced risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease in people who consume them regularly |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific segment on a chromosome. genes provide the blueprints for the production of all body protiens |
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Term
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Definition
Ethyl alcohol or ethanol
(CH2CH2OH)
is the compound in alcoholic beverages |
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Term
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Definition
| compound of sodium and chloride in a 40-60 ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| the primarily physiological drive to find and eat food mostly regulated by innate cues to eating |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of different types of atoms bonded together in definite proportion |
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Term
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Definition
| an atom with an unequal number of electrons and protons. Negative ions have more electrons than protons; positive ions have more protons than electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| the primarily psychological influences that encourage us to find and eat food often in the absence of obvious hunger |
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Term
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Definition
| state in which there is no longer a desire to eat; a feeling of satisfaction |
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Term
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Definition
| a region at the base of the brain that contains cells that play a role in the regulation of hunger, respiration, body temperature, and other body functions. |
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Term
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT
definiton
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Definition
| the main sites in the body used for digestion and absorption of nutrients. it consits of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. also called the digestive tract. |
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Term
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Definition
a compound secreted into the bloodstream by one type of cell that acts to control the function of another type of cell.
for example: certain cells in the pancreas produce insulin, which in turn acts on muscle and other types of cells to promote uptake of nutrients from the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| natural body tranquilizers that may be involved in the feeding response. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone made by the stomach that increases the desire to eat. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical substance made in the hypothalamus that stimulates food intake. the hormone leptin inhibits neuropeptide y production. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone made by ADIPOSE TISSUE in proportion to total fat stores in the body that influences long term regulation of fat mass. leptin also influences reproductive functions, as well as other body processes, such as release of the hormone insulin. |
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Term
ADIPOSE TISSUE
definition |
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Definition
| a group of fat storing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan that affects mood (sense of calmness), behavior and appetite, and induces sleep. |
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Term
CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)
definition |
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Definition
| a hormone that participates in enzyme release from the pancreas, bile release from the gallbladder, and hunger regulation. |
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