Term
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Definition
| the ability to perform routine physical activity without undue fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that the body will adapt to the stresses placed on it |
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Term
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Definition
| the circulatory and respiratory systems, which together deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells |
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Term
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Definition
| edurance exercise such as jogging, swimming, or cycling that increases heart rate and requires oxygen in metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of blood pumped by each beat of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of times the heart beats per minute while a person is at rest |
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Term
| aerobic capacity or VO2 max |
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Definition
| the maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed by the tissues during exercise. this is also called maximal oxygen consumption. |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the size of a muscle or organ |
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Term
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Definition
| wasting or decrease in the size of a muscle or other tissue caused by lack of use |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that cause a natural euphoria and reduce the perception of pain under certain stressful conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum number of beats per minute that the heart rate can attain. It declines with age and can be estimated by subtracting age in years from 220. |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of emotional, behavorial, and physical symptoms that occurs when training without sufficient rest persists for weeks to months |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolism in the prescence of oxygen. in this, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are completely broken down to form carbon dioxide and water to produce ATP |
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Term
| anaerobic metabolism or anaerobic glycolysis |
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Definition
| metabolism in the absence of oxygen. each molecule of glucose generates two molecules of ATP. glucose is metabolized in this way when the blood cannot deliver oxygen to support aerobic metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound found in muscle that can be broken down quickly to make ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound produced from the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule synthesized in the body that is needed to transport fatty acids and some amino acids into the mitochondria for metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to continue an activity at an optimal level |
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Term
| anaerobic threshold or lactate threshold |
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Definition
| the exercise intensity at which the reliance on anaerobic metabolism results in the accumulation of lactic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced hemoglobin levels that occur as a part of a beneficial adaptation to aerobic exercise in which expanded plasma volume dilutes red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis that occurs in some female athletes, particularly those involved in sports in which low body weight and appearance are important |
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Term
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Definition
| delayed onset of menstruation or the absence of three or more consecutive menstrual cycles. |
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Term
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Definition
| conditions, including heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke, that can occur due to an unfavorable combination of exercise, hydration status, and climatic conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which body temperature drops below normal. it depresses the central nervous system, resulting in the inability to shiver, sleepiness, and eventually coma. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood |
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Term
| glycogen supercompensation or carbohydrate loading |
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Definition
| a regimen designed to maximize muscle glycogen stores before an athletic event |
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Term
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Definition
| anything designed to increase work or improve performance |
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Term
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Definition
| the union of sperm and egg (ovum) that results in pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| milk production and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| the union of sperm and egg(ovum) |
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Term
| oviducts or fallopian tubes |
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Definition
| narrow ducts leading from the ovaries to the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell produced by the union of sperm and ovum during fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the developing embryo embeds in the uterine lining |
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Term
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Definition
| the developing human from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization. All organ systems are formed during this time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the developing human from the ninth week to birth. Growth and refinement of structures occur during this time |
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Term
| spontaneous abortion/miscarriage |
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Definition
| interruption of pregnancy prior to the seventh month |
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Term
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Definition
| an organ produced from both maternal and embryonic tissues. it secretes hormones, transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mothers blood to the fetus, and removes waste |
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Term
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Definition
| the time between conception and birth, which lasts about 9 months (or about 40 weeks) in humans |
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Term
| small-for-gestational-age |
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Definition
| an infant born at term weighing less than 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs) |
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Term
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Definition
| an infant born before 37 weeks of gestation |
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Term
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Definition
| a birth weight less than 2.5 kg (5.5lbs) |
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Term
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Definition
| a birth weight less than 1.5kg (3.3lbs) |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe each third, or 3-month period, of a pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| the surgical removal of the fetus from the uterus |
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Term
| large-for-gestational-age |
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Definition
| an infant weighing more than 4kg (8.8lbs) at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| swelling due to the buildup of extracellular fluid in the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| nausea and vomiting that affects many women during the first few month of pregnancy and in some women can continue throughout the pregnancy |
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Term
| hypertensive disorders of pregnancy |
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Definition
| high blood pressure during pregnancy that is due to chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia-eclampsia or preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of hypertension after the twentieth week of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by an increase in body weight, elevated blood pressure, protein in the urine, and edema. It can progress to eclampsia, which can be life threatening to mother and fetus |
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Term
| gestational diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
| a consistently elevated blood glucose level that develops during pregnancy and returns to normal after delivery |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal craving for and ingestion of unusual food and non-food substances |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder caused by extra genetic material that results in distinctive facial characteristics, mental retardation, and other abnormalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| any chemical, biological, or physical agent or substance that can cause birth defects |
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Term
| (FAC) fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Definition
| a characteristic group of physical and mental abnormalities in an infant resulting from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy |
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Term
| alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders |
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Definition
| a spectrum of learning and developmental disabilities and behavioral abnormalities in a child due to maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy |
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Term
| alcohol-related birth defects |
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Definition
| malformations in the skeleton or major organ systems in a child due to maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy |
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Term
| sudden infant death syndromes / crib death |
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Definition
| the unexplained death of an infant, usually during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| the first milk, which is secreted in late pregnancy and up to a week after birth. it is rich in protein and immune factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone released by the anterior pituitary that actson the milk-producing glands in the breast to stimulate and sustain milk production |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormonal reflex triggered by the infants suckling that causes milk to be released from the milk glands and flow through the duct systen to the nipple |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that acts on the uterus to cause uterine contractions and on the breast to cause the movement of milk into the secretory ducts that lead to the nipple |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of a childs growth to keep up with normal growth curves |
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Term
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Definition
| inconsolable crying that is believed to be due to pain from gas buildup in the gastrointestinal tract or immaturity of the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme tooth decay in the upper teeth resulting from putting a child to bed with a bottle containing milk or other sweet liquids |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance, usually a protein, that stimulates an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| an adverse reaction to a food that does not involve antibody production by the immune system |
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Term
| elimination diet and food challenge |
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Definition
| a regimine that eliminates potential allergy-causing foods from an individuals diet and then systematically adds them back to identify any foods that cause an allergic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| when a child will only eat one food item meal after meal |
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Term
| attention defecit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| a condition that is characterized by a short attention span, acting without thinking, and a high level of activity, excitability, and distractability |
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Term
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Definition
| a period of rapid growth and physical changes that ends in the attainment of sexual maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| an 18-24 month period of peak growth velocity that begins at about ages 10-13 in girls and about 12-15 in boys. |
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Term
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Definition
| the onset of menstruation, which occurs normally between the ages of 10-15 years |
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Term
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Definition
| the consumption of five or more drinks in a row for males; 4 or more for females |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum age to which members of a species can live |
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Term
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Definition
| the average length of life for a population of individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| the postponement of the onset of chronic disease such that disability occupies a smaller and smaller proportion of the life span. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of functional capacity that an organ has above and beyone what is needed to sustain life |
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Term
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Definition
| the death of cells at specific predictable times |
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Term
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Definition
| the duration of an individuals life |
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Term
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Definition
| an inability to consistently acquire foods that are nutritionally adequate and individually, socially, and culturally acceptable |
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Term
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Definition
| degeneration of a portion of the retina that results in a loss of visual detail and blindness |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease of the eye that results in cloudy spots on the lens (and sometimes the corea), which obscure vision |
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Term
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Definition
| a degeneration of the area surrounding the teeth, specifically the gum and supporting bone |
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Term
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Definition
| an inflammation of the stomach lining that causes a reduction in stomach acid and allows bacterial overgrowth |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength that occurs with age |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment in function and reduction in physiological reserves severe enough to cause limitations in the basic activities of daily living |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological changes that mark the end of a womens capacity to bear children |
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Term
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Definition
| a deterioration of mental state resuting in impared memory, thinking, and/or judgement |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease that results in the relentless and irreversible loss of mental function |
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Term
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Definition
| an illness caused by consumption of food containing a toxin or disease-causing microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological agent that causes disease |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that can cause harm at some level of exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of contaminants from one food or object to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction that occurs at a certain level of ingestion and increases as the dose increases. below that level there is no reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of recommendations published by the FDA for the handling and service of food sold in restaurants and other establishments that serve food |
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Term
| Harzard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) |
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Definition
| a food safety system that focuses on identifying and preventing hazards that could cause foodbourne illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| possible points in food production, manufacturing, and transportation at which contamination could occur or be prevented. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of heating food products to kill disease-causing organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| illness produced by the ingestion of food containing microorganisms that can multiply inside the body and cause injurious effets |
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Term
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Definition
| ilness caused by consuming a food containing a toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| a dormant state of some bacteria that is resistant to heat but can germinate and produce a new organism when environmental conditions are favorable |
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Term
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Definition
| minute particles not visible under an ordinary microscope that depend on cells for their metabolic and reproductive needs |
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Term
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Definition
| multicellular fungi that form a filamentous branching growth |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that live at the expense of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a pathogenic protein that is the cause of degenerative brain diseases called spongiform encephalopathies |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which compounds accumulate or build up in an organism faster than they can be broken down or excreted |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum amount of pesticide residues that may legally remain in food, set by the EPA |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of techniques used to manipulate DNA for the purpose of changing the characteristics of an organism or creating a new product |
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Term
| integrated pest management (IPM) |
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Definition
| a method of agricultual pest control that integrates nonchemical and chemical techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| food that is produced, processed, and handled in accordance with the standards of the USDA National Organic Program |
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Term
| polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) |
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Definition
| carcinogenic industrial compounds that have found their way into the environment and, subsequently, the food supply. Repeated ingestion causes them to accumulate in biological tissues over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which microorganisms metabolize components of a food and therefore change the composition, taste, and storage properties of the food. |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that can reasonably be expected to become a component of a food during processing. the foods that may contain them and the amounts that may be present are regulated by the FDA |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that unexpectedly enter the food supply. they are not regulated by the FDA |
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Term
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Definition
| a method that places sterilized food in a sterilized package using a sterile process |
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Term
| polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) |
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Definition
| a class of mutagenic substances produced during cooking when there is incomplete combustion of organic materials - such as when fat drips on a grill |
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Term
| heterocyclic amines (HAs) |
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Definition
| a class of mutagenic substances produced when there is incomplete combustion of amino acids during the cooking of meats - such as when meat is charred. |
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Term
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Definition
| a process, also called cold pasteurication, that exposes foods to radiation to kill contaminating organisms and retard ripening and spoilage of fruits and vegetables |
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Term
| modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) |
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Definition
| a preservation technique used to prolong the shelf life of processed or fresh food by changing the gases surrounding the food in the package |
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Term
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Definition
| substances intentionally added to foods and regulated by FDA |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that are expected to unintentionally enter foods during manufacturing or from packaging and are regulated by FDA |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that extend the shelf life of a product by retarding chemical, physical, or microbiological changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| regulations that define the allowable ingredients, composition, and other characteristics of foods |
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Term
| prior-sanctioned substances |
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Definition
| refers to substances that the FDA or the USDA had determined were safe for use in a specific food prior to the 1958 Food Additives Amendment |
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Term
| generally recognized as safe (GRAS) |
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Definition
| a group of chemical additives that are generally recognized as safe based on their long-standing presence in the food supply without obvious harmful effects |
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Term
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Definition
| a clause added to the 1958 Food Additives Amendment of the Pure Food and Drug Act that prohibits the intentional addition to foods of any compound that has been shown to induce cancer in animals or humans at any dose |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of changes in diet, physical activity, health and nutrition that occurs as poor countries become more prosperous |
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Term
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Definition
| a cycle in which malnutrition is perpetuated by an inability to meet nutrient needs at all life stages |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of deaths during the first year of life per 1000 live births |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in linear growth rate, which is an indicator of the nutritional well-being in populations of children |
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Term
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Definition
| a widespread lack of access to food due to a disaster that causes a collapse in the food production and marketing systems |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which people lack adequate physical, social, or economic access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. |
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Term
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Definition
| resources that are restored and replaced by natural processes and that can therefore be used forever. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an area to produce enough food to feed its population |
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Term
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Definition
| crops grown as food for the local population |
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Term
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Definition
| crops grown to be sold for monetary return rather than to be used for food locally |
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Term
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Definition
| agricultural methods that maintain soil productivity and a healthy ecological balance while having minimal long-term impacts |
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