Term
| what are the us guidelines for nutrition (13) (topics to hit: Na, meats, fruits and veggies, fats, carbs, vita,ins, drinks) |
|
Definition
improve eating and increase activity
lower Na for those above 50, african american, and HTN
more seafood (8oz/wk)
increase fruits and veggies that are dark green, red, orange, beans, peas
lean protein
substitute healthy oils or solid fats
decrease saturated and trans fat
avoid fast food
eat more whole grains: half of all grains whole grains
increase fiber, vitamin K and D
increase non-fat dairy
limit alcohol to a drink per day for women and 2 for men
drink water, sugar free, non-carbinated, limit caffiene |
|
|
Term
| what are the side effects of caffiene |
|
Definition
| diuretic, stimulant, excess leads to anxiety, insomnia, tremors, increased HR, prevents Ca absorption |
|
|
Term
| what does caffiene sensitivity depend on |
|
Definition
| body weight, physical condition, frequency of intake, anxiety levels, increases with age |
|
|
Term
| what is a moderate amount of caffiene, what are the side effects |
|
Definition
200-300 md/d
no physical problems
non-addictive
is habit forming |
|
|
Term
| what are the contraindications to caffiene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metabolic syndrome: define, demographic, diseases its linked to, qualification for diagnosis |
|
Definition
pre-diabetic state
women have high mortality, increases with age
linked to DM2 and CDV
need 3 or more positive indicators |
|
|
Term
| what are the stats that indicate metabolic syndrome in women |
|
Definition
TG > 150 mg/dl
HDL < 50 mg/dl
waist > 35 in
BP > 130/85 on medication
fasting glucose > 100 mg/dl |
|
|
Term
| what are the stats that indicate metabolic syndrome in men |
|
Definition
TG > 150 mg/dl
HDL < 40 mg/dl
waist > 40 in
BP > 130/85 on medication
fasting glucose > 100 mg/dl |
|
|
Term
| metabolic syndrome is the gateway to chronic disease, which ones(11) |
|
Definition
| DM2, sleep apnea, obesity, NASH, osteoperosis, ESRD, cancer, CVD, dyslipidemia, HTN, PCOS |
|
|
Term
| what is the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (5) |
|
Definition
disregulation in lipid and glucose balance
lipotoxicity
increased insulin
hyperglycemia
body has lots of lipid it cant store so it makes fatty liver and muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for metabolic syndrome |
|
Definition
lifestype management (diet and exercise)
Rx for HTN, hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
| what is the proof for the medeterraian diet |
|
Definition
cereals, fish, legumes, fruit, vegetables decrease metabolic syndrome
animal products and alcohol increase metabolic syndrome
increased fruits and veggies decrease Dm2 |
|
|
Term
| what is the premise of the medeterrarian diet |
|
Definition
| improves insulin sensitivity and lipoproteins and CV mortality |
|
|
Term
| what is red a polynutrient indicator for (2), what do these provide for the body (4) |
|
Definition
hycopene, capsanthin
heart health, circulation, urinary trat, memory |
|
|
Term
| what is yellow oragne a polynutrient indicator for (1), what do these provide for the body (2) |
|
Definition
B carotene
vision, immune system |
|
|
Term
| what is white a polynutrient indicator for (2), what do these provide for the body (1) |
|
Definition
allicin flavonol
heart health |
|
|
Term
| what is green a polynutrient indicator for (2), what do these provide for the body (3) |
|
Definition
chlorophyll, lutein
vision, strong bones, teeth |
|
|
Term
| what is blue purple a polynutrient indicator for (2), what do these provide for the body (3) |
|
Definition
anthocyanin, quercetin
healthy aging, urinary tract, memory |
|
|
Term
| what is the MOA of a gastric bypass |
|
Definition
| malabsorption and restriction |
|
|
Term
| what is the MOA of an adjustable gastric band |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the MOA of a sleeve gastrectomy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the official criteria for bariatric surgery |
|
Definition
BMI > 40
BMI > 35 with contraindications
documented dietery attempts ineffective |
|
|
Term
| what is the less official but important criteria for bariatric surgery |
|
Definition
| last resort, not for a quick fix, not to take the easy way, benifit of nutritional deficit > risk, to resolve comrbidities |
|
|
Term
| what are the comorbitiries resolved in the 90% range with bariatric surgery |
|
Definition
DM2
hypercholesterolemia
GERD
HTN
Osteoarthritis |
|
|
Term
| what are the comorbidities resolved in the 70-89% range |
|
Definition
stress incontinence
sleep apnea |
|
|
Term
| what are the complications of bariatric surgery |
|
Definition
DVT or clot
leak (staple line comes open)
mortality
respiratory
wound healing
band slip
infection
erosion
port replacement |
|
|
Term
| what nutritional changes does someone who had bariatric surgery have to make: protein, fat, carb, drinks |
|
Definition
high protein
low fat
low carb
no carbonation
10 oz caffiene max
64 oz fluid |
|
|
Term
| how does someone who had bariatric surgery have to change how they eat |
|
Definition
| eat slow, chew a lot, regular meals |
|
|
Term
| why cant a bypass pt have caffient |
|
Definition
| it has phosphoric acid and takes Ca from your bones, putting bubbles in small stomach hurts |
|
|
Term
| who is on a bariatric surgery team |
|
Definition
| surgeon, RD, psychologist, RN |
|
|
Term
| what nutrients are at risk when someone gets a gastric band, why for each one (6) |
|
Definition
Ce and Fe absorbed in duodenum
folic acid, B1 (thiamine)
B12 dosent get its intrinsic factor
fat soluble vitamins need digestive juice |
|
|
Term
| why is Ca decreased in a gastric bypass patient, what does it cause to happen, how is it diagnosed |
|
Definition
lactose intolerance with gastric band
causes osteomalacia/osteoperosis
Ca in blood is uaully normal because bones release it, you need a bone scan |
|
|
Term
| why do people with a gastric band have low iron |
|
Definition
decreased intake because it makes pt too full fast due to the food its in
malabsorption because duodenum is bypassed |
|
|
Term
| what does an Fe deficiency cause |
|
Definition
| risk during mensturation, anemia, fatigue, cold, SOB, anemia |
|
|
Term
| what could be mistaken as an iron deficiency |
|
Definition
| loss of fat layer causing cold |
|
|
Term
| why does a person with a gastric band have less folate, what does a deficiency cause |
|
Definition
decreased absorption due to lack of stomach aid
deficiency causes NTD in pregnacy, macrocytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| why do gastric band pt have thiamine deficiency, symptoms/diseases |
|
Definition
decreased intake, malabsorption
rapid weight loss, persistant vomiting, wernicke's encephalopathy/beriberi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, difficult concentrating, leg and foot cramps, burning feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fatigue, heart palpitations, SOB, poor appetite, tingling in extremities
prenicious anemia, nerve damage, memory loss, dementia |
|
|
Term
| what is the supplementation regimend for a gastric band patient |
|
Definition
2 chewable multi vitamins
1000-1200 Ca
400 IU vitamin D
80 mcg vitaminK
100-250 mg B1
500-1000 mcg B12 (daily sublingual or shot)
28-200 mg Fe in women
500 mg vit C in women |
|
|
Term
| why is a pt who takes the Ca have it low still |
|
Definition
| they might take it with their iron which decreases absorption |
|
|
Term
| when do you refer a pt to a RD (11) |
|
Definition
NPO/clears x3d
prealbumin less than 18
tube feeding
TPN: total parental nutrition (vein in neck or arm)
ICU
stroke patient
nausea/vomiting/diarrhea
weight loss less than 85% IBW
newly diagnosed diabetic
uncontrolled DM
bariatrics |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 parts of care a RD provides |
|
Definition
nutrition assessment
nutrition diagnosis
nutrition intervention
nutrition monitoring and evaluation |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts to a nutritional assessment (5) |
|
Definition
anthropometry
labs
nutritional physical
patient history
dietary goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
height
weight
BMI
IBW
weight change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| demi span or standing scale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
females 100 lbs for 5 ft and 5 lbs for each inch over
males 106 lbs for 5 ft and 6 lbs for each inch over
+/-10% |
|
|
Term
| how do you adjust for an amputation in IBW |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the percent amputation of a hand, forearm and hand, entire arm, foot, lower leg and foot, entire leg |
|
Definition
hand 0.7
forearm and hand 2.3
entire arm 5
foot 1.5
lower leg and foot 5.9
entire leg 16 |
|
|
Term
| what is weight change calculated, what is it dependent on, what is severe loss |
|
Definition
in elderly it is associated with morbidity and mortality
% change is based on usual and current weight
greater than 2% loss in a week or 5% in a month is severe |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts to a nutrition physical |
|
Definition
| apperarance, information from doctors chart |
|
|
Term
| what is part of a nutrition patient history (9) |
|
Definition
medication
supplements
medical history
diet history
nutrition awareness history
food availability
religious beliefs about food
activity
exercise |
|
|
Term
| what are diet history goals (7) |
|
Definition
identify nutrient intake and imbalances
reasons for potential problems
food intolerances and allergies
appetite
physical handicap affecting food intake or perparation
meal patterns
readiness to change |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts to a nutrition diagnosis |
|
Definition
etiology signs/symptoms statement (PES)
problem
etiology
signs and symptoms |
|
|
Term
| what is done in the nutrition intervention phase |
|
Definition
| priortize nutrition diagnosis by severity and importance |
|
|
Term
| what is done in the nutrition monitoring phase, how often |
|
Definition
reexamination and data comparison
flexiable depends on patient progress
in hopsital every day or e/o day |
|
|
Term
| what is the BMI number scale |
|
Definition
<18 underweight
18.5 - 25 healthy
25 - 30 overweight
30 - 40 obease
40+ severe obesity |
|
|
Term
| what is caloric needs calculated based on |
|
Definition
| weight, height, age, activity, stress |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal proteiin value |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the normal fluid value |
|
Definition
30-35 mL/ kg/ d
decrease in elderly
increase in young |
|
|
Term
| what is a normal albumin value what does it indicate |
|
Definition
<3.5 g/dl
hepatic protein that shows in response to injury, stress,infection, surgery, trauma. decrease in response to acute phase of stress
half life 19-21d (hard to tell excatly when it dropped or raised |
|
|
Term
| what is a normal prealbumin level what does it indicate |
|
Definition
<18 g/dl
hepatic protein that shows in response to injury, stress,infection, surgery, trauma. decrease in response to acute phase of stress
half life 3-5 days better indicator |
|
|
Term
| what is a normal cholesterol level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a normal LDL level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a normal HDL level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a normal TG level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a normal WBC level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a normal glucose level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a normal HbA1C level |
|
Definition
| <5-6% (6-9% in controlled DM) |
|
|
Term
| what does regular diet mean |
|
Definition
| no restrictions or modifications to diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no salt added for pt with hypertension diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled hypertension, stroke pt, edema diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poor or no dentition, oral surgery diet |
|
|
Term
| what does mechanical soft mean |
|
Definition
| dysphagia after stroke, no dentition ciet |
|
|
Term
| who is consistant carb fore |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is high protin high calorie for |
|
Definition
| poor intake, wounds, pressure ulcers, underweight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does low fiber/residue mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a cardic diet mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does diabetic renal mean |
|
Definition
| diet for DM and kidney issue pt |
|
|
Term
| when is a clear liquid diet needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is a full liquid diet needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does stage 1 bariatric clear mean |
|
Definition
| surger free post bariatric surgery diet |
|
|
Term
| what does stage 2 bariatric full mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is a purreed diet for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is a thickened liquid diet for |
|
Definition
| post SALT eval after stroke |
|
|
Term
| hair exam: healthy, abnormal, implications |
|
Definition
healthy: normal distribution, shiny
abnormal: thin, dry, dull brittle
implications: chemo, protein, vit C vit A, zinc deficiency |
|
|
Term
| lips exam: healthy, abnormal, implications |
|
Definition
healthy: moist, good color
abnormal: swollen, red, dry, cracked
implications: riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin deficiency |
|
|
Term
| gums exam: healthy, abnormal, implications |
|
Definition
healthy: pink, firm
abnormal: sore, spongy, read, swollen, bleed easy
implications: vit C deficiency |
|
|
Term
| tongue exam: healthy, abnormal, implications |
|
Definition
healthy: pink
abnormal: purple, white, gray, smooth
implications: riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid, niacin, vit B12, fe deficient |
|
|
Term
| teeth exam: healthy, abnormal, implications |
|
Definition
healthy: clean, intact, present
abnormal: dentures, loss of enamel, missing teeth
implications: vit C deficient |
|
|
Term
| skin exam: healthy, abnormal, implications |
|
Definition
healthy: smooth, slightly moist, good turgot
abnormal: pale, dry, poor turgor
implications: Fe, vit A, vit C, zinc, EFA deficient, dehydration |
|
|
Term
| nails exam: healthy, abnormal, implications |
|
Definition
healthy: smooth
abnormal:brittle, spoon shaped
implications: protein or Fe deficient |
|
|
Term
| define food intolerance and give an example |
|
Definition
adverse reaction to food that results in symptoms but is not caused by a reaction of the immune system
lactose intolerance |
|
|
Term
| define food allergy and give some examples |
|
Definition
adverse reaction to food that results in symptoms and is an immune mediated response
fish, wheat, peanuts, egg, milk, soy, tree nuts, shell fish |
|
|
Term
| how are allergies diagnosed |
|
Definition
skin prick
RAST test: measures presence of antibody IgE to special foods
elimination and re-challange |
|
|
Term
| how does a food allergin cause problems and 8 symptoms |
|
Definition
immune system identifies food as eaten as allergin and makes IgE
IgE attach to mast cell
mast cell releases histamine and other chemicals causing symptoms
hives, swelling in tongue and throat, difficult breathing, abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea, low BP, anaphylaxis |
|
|
Term
| if someone is allergic to fish what nutrients are they missing, what are the alternativies |
|
Definition
missing: niacin, vitamin B, B12, E phosphorus, omega 3, selenium
instead: lean meat, poltury, whole grain, flax seed, legumes, walnuts, brazil nuts, vegetable oil |
|
|
Term
| what should people allergic to egg not ear |
|
Definition
| egg nog, dairy prepared with egg, egg substitute, poltury and fish seasoned with egg, egg bread, egg roll, mayo, salad dressing |
|
|
Term
| what nutrients is someone allergic to egg missing, what are alternativies |
|
Definition
B12, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, biotin, selenium
alternatives lean meat, poultry, legumes, whole or enriched grains |
|
|
Term
| what is dermatitis herpetiformis a sign of, what does it look like, how to diagnose |
|
Definition
skin manifestation of celiac disease
blisters, itchy
biopsy and stain for IgA |
|
|
Term
| what happens to cause issues in celiac disease |
|
Definition
| SI villi damaged by gluten |
|
|
Term
| what are symptoms of celiac disease in adults |
|
Definition
| weight loss, constipation or diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, fatigue, depression, osteopenia, osteoperosis, infertility, migraines |
|
|
Term
| what are symptoms of celiac disease in children |
|
Definition
| poor growth, short stature, diarrhea or constipation, vomiting, muscle wasting, irritability |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for celiac disease |
|
Definition
gluten free diet for life: avoid wheat, rye, barley, oats
villi restore in 6 mo in kids and 1-2 years in adults |
|
|
Term
| what happens if someone with celiac disease dosent adhere to their diet |
|
Definition
| constpation, weight loss, diabetes, osteoperosis, IBS, infertility, milignancy, anemia, vitamin and mineral deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| what are 5 ways celiac disease is diagnosed briefly describe |
|
Definition
anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (IgA, IgG): most sensitive
anti-endomysial antibody (IgA): specific marker
anti-deaminated glidian peptide (IgA, IgG): if transglutaminase is negative and pt is IgA deficient use this
anti-gladian antibody (IgA, IgG): used in kids less than 2 because they done have transglutaminase antibody and anti endomysial antibody yet
endoscopic bowel biopsy: best method |
|
|
Term
| after diagnosis of celiac disease, what do you tell your pt to do other than not eat gluten |
|
Definition
find a RD
MDT
bone density scan
discuss compliance issues: eating out, packed lunches, availablity and cost of GF foods, dislikes |
|
|
Term
| what does a RD do with a celiac disease patient |
|
Definition
| food and symptom diary, gluten sources in good and not good food, label reading, eating out, yearly follow up |
|
|
Term
| what deficiencies does someone with celiac disease have in their diet, what does this cause |
|
Definition
low iron
calcium: peak bone mass not achieved in growth if diagnosed late, low absorption
folate: in fortified breads and cereals which they cant eat |
|
|
Term
| can can peoeple with celiac disease eat in the carb, fruit and vegetable, protein, and dairy categories |
|
Definition
carbs: cream of rice cereal, puffed rice or corn cereal, GF products, quinoa, buckwheat, rice cakes, plain popcorn
any protein, fruits and vegetable plain with no sauce
dairy: read cheese sauce and spread labels, salad dressing, mayo, miracle whip |
|
|
Term
| what foods can a celiac disease pt not have |
|
Definition
flour: bromated, enriched, self rising any
beer, ale, port, stout, malt
coullion cubes, soup
candy, cakes, cookies, bread, french fries, chips
gravy, sauces, soy
some medications
oatmeal, cereal bars, oats |
|
|
Term
| what qualifies someone with anorexia nervosa DSM IV |
|
Definition
restriction of foor leading to body weight less than minimally normal for age and heart (<85% expected)
intense fear of gaining weight or being fat |
|
|
Term
| what are warning signs of anorexia |
|
Definition
dressing in layers to hide loss
dramatic weight loss
preoccupation with preparing own meals
refusal to eat certian foods or groups
comments about fat
anxiety about weight
denial of hunger
development of food rituials
avoidance of meal time
excessive excrcise
changes in personality: withdrawl, strange eating patterns, overuse of condiments, boiling hot foods |
|
|
Term
| who is most likley to get anorexia, what other states about morbidity and mortality |
|
Definition
female teenagers
highest death rate in mental illness
treatable and curable |
|
|
Term
| what qualifies someone to have bulimia nervosa DSM IV |
|
Definition
binge eating: amount of food in 2h that is larger than people would eat during a smaller period of time. sense of lack of control
compensatory self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diruetics, enemas, fasting, exercise, or medications
approx 2 times a week
dosent have to be with anorexia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focus on weight loss, diet, controlling food
evidence of large quantities of food missing
empty wrappers
frequent trips to bathroom after eating
signs and smells of vomits
food rituials
stealing or hoarding food
baggy clothes
excessive teeth brushing, mouthwashing, or gum
excessive exercise
calluses on fingers
cracks in corners of mouth
social withdrawl |
|
|
Term
| what does obesity increase the risk for (6) |
|
Definition
heart disease
hypertension
stroke
DM2
cancer
premature death |
|
|
Term
| how does adult obesity affect lifestyle |
|
Definition
decreases quality of life
social stigma
discrimination |
|
|
Term
| what does healthy weight depend and not depend on |
|
Definition
differs from someone of same height, gender, and age
depends on height, size, frame, and metablic rate |
|
|
Term
| overall, why doesnt dieting work metabolically |
|
Definition
| it decreases metabolic rate so it makes it worse because it just goes back to the old rate |
|
|
Term
| apple shaped: where is the fat located, what problems is it associated with (4) |
|
Definition
abdominal and upper body
increased diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, HTN |
|
|
Term
| pear shaped: where is the fat, what diseases associated |
|
Definition
hips, butt, thighs
not as risky |
|
|
Term
| what waist circumference in males and females indicates risk, where is it measured |
|
Definition
>35 in female
>40 in male
around umbilicus or half way between top of hip and bottom of ribs |
|
|
Term
| scientific calorie defintion |
|
Definition
| amount of energy needed to raise the temp of a gram of water by one deg C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of nergy in food and the energy the body uses |
|
|
Term
| what foods have calories, what dont |
|
Definition
protein, fat, carbs, and alcohol do
vitamins, minerals, water, cholesterol, and fiber dont |
|
|
Term
| 1 lb body fat = ?? calories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the benifit of foods with water in them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define BMR, what percent of energy does it use |
|
Definition
basal metabolic rate
energy needed for body's basic processes
(heart, lungs, brain)
60% of energy needs |
|
|
Term
| how much energy does digestion and minimal physical activity use |
|
Definition
10% digestion
30% activity |
|
|
Term
| compare the energy needs based on age |
|
Definition
infant: very high
adolescent: high
adult: BMR decreases 2% every 10 years |
|
|
Term
| why does adult BMR decrease over time |
|
Definition
| body composition, hormones, decreased activity, decreased muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| what are the stats regarding nature vs nuture for obesity |
|
Definition
obears parent: child 40% risk
2 obease parents: child 80% risk |
|
|
Term
| what are risk factors for obesity |
|
Definition
cancer: uterine, breast, colorectal, kidney, gallbladder
heart disease
stroke
Htn
gallbladder disease
osteoarthritis
sleep apnea
DM
hypercholesterolemia
menstural irregularities
excess body or facial hair
stress incontinence
psych issues
increased surgical risk |
|
|
Term
| what are the main goals for concuring obesity |
|
Definition
set priorities
measurable
attainable
realistic
time |
|
|
Term
| what are the benifits of activity in an obease person |
|
Definition
maintain muscle
loose body fat
increase BmR (can continues after)
supress appetite
stress relief |
|
|
Term
| what does "calorie free" really mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does "low calorie" really mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does "reduced calories" really mean |
|
Definition
| 25% fewer than standard serving of traditional food |
|
|
Term
| what does "light" really mean |
|
Definition
| 1/3 fewer calories or 50% less fat than standard serving of traditional food |
|
|
Term
| what are the overll downsides of fad diets |
|
Definition
expensive
weight regain
feeling of failure
damage to health |
|
|
Term
| bad things about low carb high protein |
|
Definition
high fat which means cholesterol risk
low fiber causes constipation
ketosis from fat breakdown breaks down mucle, weakness, nausea, dehydration, light headaches, irritability
excessive protein stresses kidneys |
|
|
Term
| how does low carb high protein diet work |
|
Definition
rapid weight loss due to glycogen and water depletion
ketosis decreases appetite |
|
|
Term
| what is wrong with VLCD diet |
|
Definition
not balanced, no nutrition teaching, not long term weight loss
fatuige, constipation, nausea, diarrhea, hair loss |
|
|
Term
| what is wrong with otc pills for weight loss |
|
Definition
| not long term, addictive, dosent change lyfestyle, potential heart and nerve damage |
|
|
Term
| how do otc weight loss pills work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| orlistat: MOA, side effects |
|
Definition
decreases fat absorption
steatorrhea, anal leakage, decreases absorption of fat soluble vitamins |
|
|
Term
| blood type diet, what should each eat, what is the premise, why does it suck |
|
Definition
A: vegatarian
O: protein, less grains and nuts
B: low protein and fat, avoid wheat corn
AB: seafood, tofu, dairy, fruit, veggies, avoid meat
blood type determines susceptibility to illness
lack of evidence |
|
|
Term
| what is the plan in Jenny Craig, what is the problem |
|
Definition
50-60% carbs, 20-25% protein, 20-25% fat
phone support
calorie based, protein controlled
takes away lifestyle change |
|
|
Term
| what is the plan in nutrisystem and problem |
|
Definition
55% carbs, 25% protein, 20% fat
low sodium, low fat, whole grain
based on glycemic index (good vs bad carbs)
1200 calories for females
1500 calories for males
phone support
supplement with fruits and veggies
does not teach new behaviors |
|
|
Term
| what is the plan in south beach |
|
Definition
healthy fats, low GI carbs, no calorie counting, normal portions
2 week no carb intro
veggies, whole grains, fruit, lean protein |
|
|
Term
| what is the plan in the zone diet and the problem |
|
Definition
30% protein, 30% fat, 40% carbs
protein at every meal
good carbs: veggies fruit, whole grains
bad carvs: brown rice, pasta, mango, banana, cereal, tortilla, carrot
dosent make sense |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of carbs, give examples |
|
Definition
simple: surgery, sweet, honey, juice
complex: takes time to break down, bread, grains |
|
|
Term
| what happens to excess glucose |
|
Definition
| stored as glycogen in liver or skeletal muscle then excess beyond that as fat |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of glycogen |
|
Definition
| maintain constant glucose levels between meals, muscle glycogen is exercise fuel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preserve muscle, immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| satiety, flavor, protect organs and bone, insulates, carrier for fat soluble vitamins |
|
|
Term
| what are the essential FA, what do they do |
|
Definition
linoleic: normal growth in kids, healthy skin
a-linolenic: converts to omega 3. brain and nervous system function
omega 3: in oily fish, nuts, flaxseed, soy bean, and canola oil. decreases cholesterol and TG |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of fats |
|
Definition
| saturated, trans, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, omega 3, linoleic, a-linoleic, plant sterols |
|
|
Term
| where is saturated and trans fat found, why are they bad |
|
Definition
increase cholesterol, cause heart disease and heart attacks
fried food, meat skin and fat, ground beed, pepperoni, sausage, salami, mayo,whole milk, cake |
|
|
Term
| where are polyunsaturated and monosaturated fat found, what do they do |
|
Definition
tub margarine, olive oil, canola oil
decrease cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bind cholesterol and reduce LDL
granola bars, vegetable oil, spreadable margarine, fortigied orange juice |
|
|
Term
| plateau: why does this happen in a diet |
|
Definition
it is normal
how body plays catch up with the weight loss process
variety needed |
|
|
Term
| when perscribing a diet what should you keep in mind (6) |
|
Definition
encourage healthy lifestyle changes
celebrate small and large changes
plateau in weight loss is normal
average calories for weight loss
encourage food journals
balance foods |
|
|
Term
| what are the average calories for weight loss, how should they be perscribed |
|
Definition
1200-1600 for females
1600-2000 for males
perscribe in 200 calorie intervals |
|
|
Term
| how is portion size judged |
|
Definition
food pyramid
3-4 oz meat = deck of cards
1 cup = baseball
1 tsp = tip of thumb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
eat off smaller plate
read food labels
increase fiber for satiety
moderation
limit alcohol
dont skip meals
mindful eating
plates, bowls or snack bags
slow eating
to go boxes
distraction techniques
avoid bad influences |
|
|
Term
| what causes heart disease |
|
Definition
strong genetic link
primary problem with fat (linolenic, a-linolenic acid, omega 3) |
|
|
Term
| what is the medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for high cholesterol (10) |
|
Definition
decrease LDL and TG, increase HDL
decrease saturated and trans fats
cholesterol max 200md/d
increasy dietary omega 3
50-75g fat per day
increase fiber: more than half of grains whole grains
more plant based means: beans, soy, tofu
be a healthy weight
be activy
increase plant sterols
limit fast food |
|
|
Term
| what can birth weight affect later in life |
|
Definition
| development of hypertension and diabetes |
|
|
Term
| when there are complications in pregnacy, what is affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 nutrition goals before pregnacy |
|
Definition
maintain healthy weight
regular physical cativity
gain or loose weight gradually (1-2 lbs/wk)
reduce or stop alcohol
folic acid supplements 400 mcg/d
quit smoking |
|
|
Term
| what does weight gain in pregnacy depend on |
|
Definition
| how many fetuses, age, race |
|
|
Term
| what is weight gain in pregnacy associated with |
|
Definition
| birth weight and infant mortality |
|
|
Term
| how much weight should be gained in the first trimester |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hw much weight should be gained in a mom with triplets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the normal BMI, overweight, and obease for a mom with twins |
|
Definition
gain 37-54 lbs is normal
overweight 31-50 lbs
obease 25-42 lbs |
|
|
Term
| where does the gained weight in pregnacy go? (8) |
|
Definition
baby 7-8 lbs
placenta 1-2 lbs
amniotic fluid 2 lbs
breasts 1 lb
uterus 2 lbs
increase in blood volume 3 lbs
increase in body fat 5 lbs
increase in muscle and fluid 4-7 lbs |
|
|
Term
| when during pregnacy does morning sickness occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does severe vomitting in pregnacy cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| behavorial treatments for morning sickness (4) |
|
Definition
small frequent meals
avoid odors that make it worse
adequate hydration
avoid liquid 1-2 h before and after eating |
|
|
Term
| diet changes for morning sickness (6) |
|
Definition
high protein or high carb
crackers in the morning
salty or sour food
avoid spicy food
Vit B6 25 mg TID
ginger: natural enti-emetic |
|
|
Term
| what are risks for diabetes in pregnacy, how do you classify the risk |
|
Definition
pre-existing diabetes, ethnicity, obesity, family history, older mom, previous GDM, still birth or large baby reviously, hx of abnormal glucose tolerance
high: yest to 2+
average: yes to one
low: yes to non |
|
|
Term
| what is the theatment for gestational diabetes (6) |
|
Definition
glucose monitoring
calories <1700
catch carbs
exercise
may need insulin
RD visit every 2-3 wk until delivery and 6-12 wk after |
|
|
Term
| what does a diabetic need to do if they get pregnant |
|
Definition
increase frequency of self glucose monitoring
decrease insuliin dose in the 1st 20 wks as fetus uses maternal glucose
increase it after that to 1--% |
|
|
Term
| preeclampsia: what is it, when does it occur, what other conditions does it usually occur with |
|
Definition
pregnacy induced hypertension
usually occurs in 3rd trimester
proteinuria and exema |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for preeclampsia (6) |
|
Definition
previous pregnacy with it
high BMI
work during pregnacy
family Hx HTN
african american
elevated plasma homocystine |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for preeclampsia (3) |
|
Definition
| watch sodium, bed rest, consider antihypertensive medicine |
|
|
Term
| heart burn in pregnacy: when does it occur. why |
|
Definition
| last 3 mo as baby put pressure on GI |
|
|
Term
| treatment pregnacy heart burn (4) |
|
Definition
small frequent meals
cut on caffiene
eat slowly
dont lie down after eating |
|
|
Term
| 13 risk factors for pregnacy nutrition |
|
Definition
younger than 17
low or high BMI
chronic disease
perscription drugs for disease
alcohol or drug use
Hx gyneological or obstric condition
many pregnacies, improper spacing
previous low birth weight baby
smoking
late initiation of prenatal care
inappropirate weight gain
anemia |
|
|
Term
| what drugs should be avoided in pregnacy 8 |
|
Definition
ACE inhibitors
acne medication
anticonvoulsants
tranquilizers
aloe vera
gensing
St. John's wort
Peppermint or raspberry leaf tea |
|
|
Term
| what strange food safety things should a pregnant woman do (10) |
|
Definition
wash hands regularly
keep meat properly cold
cook meat well
keep food correct temp
heat lunch meats and hot dogs (listeriosis)
never eat raw eggs
minotor fridge (35-40F) and freezer (0F)
avoid soft cheese
limit mercury (shark, swordfish, king mackerel)
limit fish to < 12oz per week |
|
|
Term
| how many calories over 9 mo for pregnant women, when should they increase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much calcium per day should a pregnant woman have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much folate per day should a pregnant woman have |
|
Definition
400 mg pre pregnacy
600 during |
|
|
Term
| how much iron should a pregnant women have a day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much protein should a pregnant woman have a day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much caffiene can a pregnant woman have a day, how much liquid in general |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the servings per day in a balanced pregnacy diet |
|
Definition
3 low or fat free dairy
2 fruit
2 veggies
3 whole grains (5 in third trimester)
2-3 lean meat (4 in third trimester)
high folate foods |
|
|
Term
| what causes pregnacy cravings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| craving non-food substances |
|
|
Term
| how long should breast feeding occur |
|
Definition
| 12 mo, add food in at 6 mo |
|
|
Term
| what are the benifits of breast feeding (11) |
|
Definition
protection from infection
pneumonia protection
allergy protection
intestinal function protection
easily digested
cheap, less diapers, easy
bonding
loose fat on hips and thighs (500cal)
less cancer and osteoperosis
stimulates oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| what does oxytocin do during breast feedin |
|
Definition
| helps uterus contract and shrink triming down abdomen |
|
|
Term
| what is clostrum, what is the function |
|
Definition
milk in the first 2-4d
rich in protein, vit A, and antibodies |
|
|
Term
| newborn nutrition 4-6 mo: what do you add, what do you avoid |
|
Definition
solid food with iron in it
never honey (botulism)
after a few days can eat oatmeal |
|
|
Term
| nutrition in 6-9 mo: what to add and to avoid |
|
Definition
| pureed or mashed veggies, fruit, meat, chicken, fish, egg yolk (avoid white due to allergies) |
|
|
Term
| nutrition 9-12 mo: what to add |
|
Definition
| soft bite sized veggies, fruit, meat, chicken, fish, bread, finger foods, yogurt, cheese |
|
|
Term
| what is the main perpetrator in renal deterioration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the causes of acute renal failure (4) |
|
Definition
sepsis
trauma
multiple organ failure
bloos loss |
|
|
Term
| what is the prognosis of acute renal failure (3) |
|
Definition
poor
mortality 40-80%
dialysis |
|
|
Term
| what nutritional imbalances does someone with acute renal failure have (8) |
|
Definition
rapid decrease in urine output
acidosis
electrlyte imbalances: hyperkalemia, hypophosphatemia
fluid disturbances
impaired g;ucose utilization
poor catabolism
accumulation of metabolic wastes |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of kidney dilaysis |
|
Definition
hemodialysis
peritoneal dialysis |
|
|
Term
| hemodialysis: how is it hooked up, how often is it done |
|
Definition
fistula connects an artery to a vein in the lower arm where a tube is placed
need to go to a dialysis venter 3x/week |
|
|
Term
| peritoneal dialysis: how is it set up, how does it work |
|
Definition
catheter is placed in abdomen where fluid enters the peritoneal cavity and extra fluid and wastes go from the peritoneal membrane into the dialysis fluid
dialysis fluid is drained and replaced with new fluid
can be done at home, no needles |
|
|
Term
| what vitamins does someone with acute renal failure need, which should be limited, why |
|
Definition
water soluble supplementation is needed due to decreased intake and loss
vitamin c should be limited to prevent oxalate deposition |
|
|
Term
| chronic renal failure causes (4) |
|
Definition
diabetic nephropathy
kidney disease
kidney infection
obstruction
hypertension |
|
|
Term
| what nutritional controls do there need to be in someone with chronic renal failure (3) |
|
Definition
too much Na can cause hypertension and edema
phosphorus effects bone health
K effects the heart |
|
|
Term
| what happens if someone with chronic renal failure dosen't go get their dialysis, besides toxic buildup |
|
Definition
| flid build up causes edema and difficult breathing due to lung accumulation |
|
|
Term
| what solution does someone with chronic renal failure get, why |
|
Definition
AA mix: 20% AA, 60% destrose, 20% lipids
it is a AA mix because losses in dialysis are 15g/day of AA |
|
|
Term
| what are concerns in chronic kidney disease atage 5 |
|
Definition
| protein, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, fluids |
|
|
Term
| what are the protein choices for a dialysis pt (5) |
|
Definition
| meat, egg, fish, poultry, shell fish |
|
|
Term
| dialysis pt should avoid salt, where are some common hiding places (5) |
|
Definition
| processed food, fast food, sports drinks, cheese and deli meats |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of salt, what are they made of (8) |
|
Definition
ioxized salt: table salt
kosher: coarse grain
lite: 50/50 NaCl KCl
rock: chunk crystals
salt sub: KCl, harmfull in excess
sea salt: evaporation of sea water gives NaCl
seasoned salt: salt with herbs and flavring
talbe salt: calcium silicate added so it won't lump |
|
|
Term
| dialysis patients should avoid potassium, what are some low potassium fruits |
|
Definition
| apples, berries, fruit cocktail, grapes, peaches, peats, pineapple, plum |
|
|
Term
| what are low potassium veggies |
|
Definition
| alfafa, bean sporouts, canned beat, cabage, caluiflower, carrot, corn, cucumber, eggplant, green beans, lettuce, mushrooms, onion, radish |
|
|
Term
| what are high potassium fruits |
|
Definition
| apricots, bananas, dates, honeydew, kiwi, nectarine, orange, rasin |
|
|
Term
| what are high potassium veggies |
|
Definition
| artihoke, avacado, beats, brussel sprouts, greens, cottage cheese, granola, oatmeal, ice cream, nut butter, nuts, offal, pancakes, sardines, soy, tofu, tortilla, meat replacemet, who wheat cereal, yougurt |
|
|
Term
| what ar ethe reuirements of fluids for a dialysis patient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fluids does a dialysis pat ahve to avoid |
|
Definition
| popsicle, juice bar, soup, jello, ice cream, frozen yogurt |
|
|
Term
| what does a pt with kidney stones have to increase and decrease in their diet |
|
Definition
decrease Na, oxidase, purine
maintain / increas K, fruits, and veggies |
|
|
Term
| why does a kidney stone pr have to avoid purine, what foods is this (9) |
|
Definition
reduices uric acid
no anchovies, bullion, broth, herring, mackerel, muscles sardines, scallops, offal |
|
|
Term
| why does a pt with kidney stones have to increase fruits and vegetables |
|
Definition
| increases fiber, Mg, phytate, and citric acid which decrease stones |
|
|
Term
| why does a pt with kidney stones have to increase K |
|
Definition
| maintains urine pH, inhibits store formation |
|
|
Term
| what foods lower oxalate, how |
|
Definition
| milk and yogurt decrease absorption |
|
|
Term
| what major oxilate former should a kidney stone pr avoid |
|
Definition
| Vit C, no supplememnts >500mg |
|
|
Term
| what foods are odilate in |
|
Definition
| chocolate, fig, kiwi, grits, soy, sweet potato, grains, saltines, pasta, leeks, orka, spinach, carrots, celery, tomato, peanut butter, soy, nut butter, poppy seads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex substance that acts as a regulator coenzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of many cells and enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what are vitamins and minerals classified as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the fat soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of vitamin A (4) |
|
Definition
normal and night vision
health of cells and tissues
protects mouth, stomach, intestine, respiratory, and urinary skin from infection
antioxidant:reduces risk of cancer |
|
|
Term
| what is the clinical presentation of a vitamin A deficiency (10) |
|
Definition
change in night vision
dry eyes, reduced tears
eye sores
itchy or bumpy skin
broken nails
bladder, vaginal, or respiratory infection
fatigue
diarrhea
poor wound healing |
|
|
Term
| what is the functional unit of vitamin A, what are its sources |
|
Definition
betacrotene: red, orange, green fruits and veggies
retinol: while eggs, milk, liver |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for a vitamin A deficiency |
|
Definition
| betacarotine and retinol supplements |
|
|
Term
| what is the clinical presentation of a vitamin A overdose (7) |
|
Definition
amenorrha
anorexia
bone pain
fatigue
headahce
nost bleed
rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
take food and turn it into energy for the brain, nerves, and heart
carb break down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, constipation
leg and foot cramps, burning feet, leg swelling, foot drop, loss of balance, falling
headache, fatigue, blurred vision
difficulty talking and swallowing, facial weakness
amnesia, memory loss, dementia
rapid heart beat, faintness, difficult urination |
|
|
Term
| why is a B1 deficiency a concern |
|
Definition
| it is water soluble so there is little storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fortified cereals
beans, peas, nuts
pork
cheese, milk, eggs
fruit |
|
|
Term
| what inhibits absorption of B1 (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is a B1 deficiency treated |
|
Definition
supplements
IV
sulfuric smell |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for B1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for B2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of B2 |
|
Definition
produce energy in cells
change tryptophan into niacin |
|
|
Term
| what are are the signs of a B2 deficiency |
|
Definition
cataracts
dry, flaky skin
sore, red tongue
rare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dairy, egg, meat
leafy greens
grains, offal |
|
|
Term
| inhibitors of B2 absorption |
|
Definition
| destoried by UV light (keep milk in non-clear container) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps body use sugar and FA
helps enzymes function
helps make energy in cells |
|
|
Term
| niacin deficiency, symptoms and its name |
|
Definition
pallagra
diarrhea, mental distortion, skin issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is a niacin deficiency treated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the signs of a niacin toxicity |
|
Definition
| excess flushing, rashes, liver damage |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for B12 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 functiosn fo B12 |
|
Definition
nerve functions
make DNA and RNA
work with folic A to make RBC |
|
|
Term
| what aree the 12 signs of a B12 deficiency |
|
Definition
pernicious anemia
yellow skin and eyes
muscle weakness
burning around mouth
diarrhea, iritability, depression, psychosis, difficulty walking, nerve damage, memory loss, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| what are the sources of B12 (7) |
|
Definition
| fish, liver, kidney, beef, pork, dairy, egg |
|
|
Term
| how is a B12 deficiency treated |
|
Definition
| tablet, liquid, sublingual, nasal spary, IM |
|
|
Term
| functions of vitamin C (7) |
|
Definition
collagen production
prevent bruising by keeping capillary walls and vessels firm
absorption of Fr
gum health
wound healing
stimulate antibodies
antioxidant |
|
|
Term
| what is a deficiency in vit C called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 7 sources of vitamin C |
|
Definition
| citrus fruits, melons, berries, peppers, dark leafy greans, potatoes, tomatoes |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for Vit C deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a vitamin C toxocity look like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do smokers need more vit C |
|
Definition
| to counteract oxidative damage from nicotine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bone and teeth (with help of vitamin D)
heart beating, nerve firing, muscle contraction
blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fracture, loss of tooth, osteopaerosis, brittle hair and nails, difficult swallowing, anxiety, intestinal cramps
osteopania, loss of height, hip of spinal pain, lung spasm, faintness, low BP, iritability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dairy, soy, rick, juice
fish with bones
leafy green veggies |
|
|
Term
| treatment of calcium deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absorb Ca and P
regluate blood Ca
deposit Ca and P in bones and teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bone pain, fracture, muscle tics, seizure, arhythmia, cancer
osteomalacia, weak muscles, depression, SAD, loss of balance, falling, hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sun
fish, egg, liver
dairy, soy |
|
|
Term
| treatment of vit D deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kidney stones and damage
excess bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mental halth
DNA and RNA production and repair
makes Hb with B12
controls homocystein levels in heart
lowers risk of baby with spina bifidia |
|
|
Term
| signs of folate deficiency 17 |
|
Definition
dizzy, SOB, palpatations
swollen tongue and ankles
gum disease, mouth sores
physcosis, changes in vision
fatigue, memory loss, diarrhea, poor appetite, iritability, depression, muscle weakness, difficulty walking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breakfast cereal, bread, pasta, waffles
oranges, green veggies, sprouts
peanuts, soy, peas
liver |
|
|
Term
| how is a folate deficiency treated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what what a folate toxicity do |
|
Definition
| mask a B12 deficiency which is more dangerous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antioxidant
prevents LDL oxidation
protects from cancer |
|
|
Term
| what can lead to a vitamin E deficiency |
|
Definition
premature low birth weight baby
poor fat absorption (CF) |
|
|
Term
| what does a vit E deficiency look like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some sources of vit E 8 |
|
Definition
vegetable oil, salad dressing, margarine
wheat germ, whole grains, seeds
hazelnuts, almonds |
|
|
Term
| what does a vitamin E toxicity look like |
|
Definition
bleeding risk
can impair vitamin K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes clotting, blood, bone, and kidney proteins |
|
|
Term
| who gets vitamin K deficiencies |
|
Definition
| people who had antibiotics that kill intestinal bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what happens in a vitamin K deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some sources of vitamin K 7 |
|
Definition
intestinal bacteria
leafy greens, fruit
dairy, eggs
meat
cereal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
build RBC
carry O2 in Hb
produce collagen
immune system enzymes
growth and development makes AA |
|
|
Term
| signs of a Fe deficiency 15 |
|
Definition
tired, weak, pale, dizzy cold, SOB
difficulty thinking, pica, RLS
swollen tongue
headache, depression, brittle nails, hair loss, appetite loss, leg cramps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heme (better absorbed): red meal, offal, fish, chicken turkey egg yolk
non-heme: dark leafy greens, dried fruits, kidney beans, cashews, molasses |
|
|
Term
| what factors are involved in absorbing Fe (3) |
|
Definition
tannins in tea and coffee
oxalic acid in spinach and chocolate
phytic acid in wheat bran and legumes |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for an iron deficiency |
|
Definition
iron supplements
vitamin C |
|
|
Term
| hemochromatosis: what is it, what are the complications |
|
Definition
rare genetic ocndition
build up of Fe in body leading to enlarged liver, bronze skin, liver cardiac and organ damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immune
acid base balance
digestion
growth and development
genetic transport
antioxidant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infection, metalic taste, lip fissures or cracking, prostate issues, irregulat menses, diminished taste and smell, hair loss, deformed nails
anorexia, loss of appetite, poor wound healing, rash, rough skin, lethargy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fish, meat, dairy, legumes, nuts, seeds |
|
|
Term
| treatment of zinc deficiency |
|
Definition
| multivitamin or supplements |
|
|
Term
| what happens in a zinc toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
