Term
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Definition
Building blocks for proteins
Carry C, H, O, N
Has an acid group, amino group, and a unique side (R) group.
20 different kinds: 11 nonessential and 9 essential
11 % of the total protein dietary requirement must be supplied by essential amino acids.
"Typical American diets" supply 50% as essential amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
Crucial to the regulation and maintenance of the body.
Producing vital body structures
Blood clotting
Fluid balance
Contributing to ccid-base balance
Hormone and enzyme production
Visual processes
Transport of many substances in the bloodstream
Cell repair
Immune Function
Glucose formation
Niacin formation (from tryptophan)
Providing Energy
Satiety |
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Term
| Branched-chain Amino Acids |
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Definition
Side (R) group on these amino acids has a branched shape.
Primary amino acids used by muscles for energy needs
Include leucine, isoleucine, and valine (whey proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
Alcoholism can lead to it.
Body tries to conserve amino acids
Eventually, body progressively slows production of new proteins until proteins are broken down more quickly than they are made
Also, concentration of protein in the bloodstream drops below normal causing excessive fluid build up in surrounding tissues. Edema results. |
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Term
| Estimated Essential Amino Acid Needs for Infants and Children |
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Definition
Infants and preschool children: 40% of total protein intake (Try breast milk or formula)
Later childhood: 20% of total protein intake (Try cow's milk) |
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Term
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Definition
Limits body's ability to metabolize the essential amino acid phenylalanine
Causes activity of the enzyme used in processing phenylalanine to tyrosine is insufficient
Tyrosine becomes an essential amino acid
Phenylalanine levels in the blood can increase to toxicity and cause severe mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
Link together amino acids to form proteins
Acids, enzymes, and other agents are able to break them. |
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Term
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Definition
Takes place in cytoplasm
Enzymes in nucleus read code on one segment (gene) of one DNA strand and transcribe the information onto mRNA
mRNA travels to the ribosomes
Ribosomes translate instructions to produce a specific protein
Amino acids are added one at a time to the polypeptide chain
tRNA brings specific amino acids to the ribosomes as needed during protein synthesis
Energy input is required to add each amino acid to the chain, making protein synthesis "costly" in terms of calorie use
Once polypeptide chain is complete, it twists and folds into the correct structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chain of 50-2000+ amino acids bonded together. |
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Term
| Sickle Cell Disease (Sickle Cell Anemia) |
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Definition
North Americans of African descent are esp. prone to this genetic disease
Causes defects in the amino-acid order of two of the four protein chains of hemoglobin
Red blood cells become a sickle shape and no longer carry oxygen efficently
Health deteriorates, and eventually episodes of severe pain in the bones and joints, abdominal pain, headaches, convulsions, and paralysis may occur |
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Term
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Definition
Alteration of a protein's structure by exposure to acid, alkaline, heat, or agitation
Uncoils or otherwise deforms the protein
Usually destroys its ability to function normally
Digestion denatures consumed proteins. Sometimes, this can reduce their tendencies to cause allergic reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
Either all essential amino acids are available or none can be used in protein synthesis
Remaining amino acids are used for energy needs or converted to carbohydrate or fat |
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Term
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Definition
Food allergies occur in 8% of children 4 years of age or younger and 2% of adults.
90% of food allergies are soy, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, milk, egg, fish, shellfish |
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Term
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Definition
Food is cooked: protein is denatured, tough connective tissue is softened, generally easier to chew and swallow
Enzymatic digestion of protein in stomach
Stomach acid denatures proteins
Hormone gastrin regulates release of enzyme pepsin breaks unraveled polypeptide chains into shorter chains of amino acids
Partially digested proteins enter small intestine
Hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) released from intestine walls
CCK travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. The pancreas releases protein-splitting enzymes, such as trypsin.
Chain sizes reduced to one or two-three amino acids.
Enzymes separate amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
Hormone that controls release of pepsin and strongly stimulates stomach acid production
Triggered by thinking about food or chewing food |
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Term
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Definition
Individual and short chains of amino acids in the small intestine are taken up by active transport into the absorptive cells lining the small intestine
Remaining peptide bonds are broken down to yield individual amino acids inside the intestinal cells.
Amino acids travel via the portal vein to the liver.
The liver can severely modify amino acids according to body's needs. Maybe combined into proteins, broken down for energy needs, released into the bloodstream, or converted to nonessential amino acids, glucose, or fat. |
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Term
| Protein Absorption During Infancy |
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Definition
4-5 months of age: GI tract is somewhat permeable to small proteins, so some whole proteins can be absorbed.
Wait until 6-12 months before introducing commonly allergenic foods (like cow's milk and egg whites) |
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Term
| Proteins Produce Vital Body Structures |
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Definition
Muscles, connective tissue, mucus, blood-clotting factors, transport proteins in the bloodstream, lipoproteins, enzymes, immune antibodies, some hormones, visual pigments, ans the support structure inside bones are primarily protein.
Excess protein in the diet cannot enhance synthesis, but inadequate consumption can prevent it. |
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Term
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Definition
The process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that cells will have the proteins it needs to function at that time.
Daily, adults make and degrade ~250g of protein. 65-100g is consumed daily. |
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Term
| Proteins Maintain Fluid Balance |
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Definition
Normal blood pressure in arteries force blood into capillary beds. Blood fluid moves from capillary beds into extracellular spaces to provide nutrients to cells.
Proteins are too large to move out of capillary beds into the tissues, so they attract the proper amount of fluid back to the blood, partially counteracting the force of blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Network of one-cell-thick vessels that create a junction between arterial and venous circulation. It is here that gas and nutrient exchange occurs between body cells and the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
Buildup of excess fluid in extracellular spaces
May be a symptom of a variety of medical problems, so its cause must be identified. |
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Term
| Proteins Contribute to Acid-Base Balance |
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Definition
Proteins located in cell membranes pump chemical ions in and out of cells, keeping the blood slightly alkaline.
Some blood proteins are esp. good buffers, maintaining acid-base conditions within a narrow range. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds that cause a solution to resist changes in acid-base conditions |
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Term
| Proteins Form Hormones and Enzymes |
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Definition
Some hormones like the thyroid hormones are made from only one type of amino acid, tyrosine.
One the other hand, insulin is a hormone composed of 51 amino acids.
Neurotransmitters are often derivatives of amino acids, like dopamine and norepinephrine (both synthesized from tyrosine) and serotonin (synthesized from tryptophan). |
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Term
| Proteins Contribute to Immune Function |
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Definition
Antibodies are proteins produced by one type of white blood cell and bind foreign proteins in the body.
Low protein status can turn measles into a fatal disease for a malnourished child. |
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Term
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Definition
During prolonged exercise
During calorie restriction
The amino group is removed and the remaining carbon skeleton is metabolized for energy needs.
Proteins are a costly source of calories. |
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Term
| Proteins Contibute to Satiety |
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Definition
| Highest feeling of satiety after a meal. |
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Term
| Protein Equilibrium (Protein Balance) |
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Definition
| Protein leaves the body in the urea, hair loss, skin loss, feces, nail loss |
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Term
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Definition
When body is growing or recovering from an illness or injury
Insuline, growth hormone, and testosterone stimulate positive protein balance |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute illness reduces the desire to eat and causes one to lose more protein than is consumed |
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Term
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Definition
.8g per kg of healthy body weight
Higher during pregnancy, growth, infancy
10% of total calories. Experts also suggest 15% or up to 35%. |
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Term
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Definition
Likely also a diet high in cholesterol and saturated fat and low in fiber, some vitamins, some minerals, and phytochemicals.
Moderate rather than high protein intake is better for kidney health. Limit protein in early stages of kidney disease because somewhat lessens kidney function. |
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Term
| Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (PCM) or Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) |
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Definition
| A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of calories and protein. Results in body wasting, primarily of lean tissue and an increased susceptibility to infections. |
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Term
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Definition
A disease occurring primarily in young children who have an existing disease and consume a marginal amount of calories and insufficient protein in relation to needs. Infections, edema, poor growth, weakness, and an increased susceptibility to further illness occurs.
Ghana: "the disease that the first child gets when the new child comes". Breastfed to gruels. |
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Term
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Definition
A disease resulting from consuming a grossly insufficient amount of protein and calories
Victims have little or no fat stores, little muscle mass, and poor strength
Death from infections is common |
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Term
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Definition
Compounds needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body
1. Is essential
2. Absence causes health decline. Return improves health. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
B C
Readily excreted from the body with any excess in urine or stool. Very little is stored. Preserve in foods by light cooking methods, such as stir-frying, steaming, and microwaving. |
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Term
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Definition
Intake of a nutrient beyond estimates of needs to prevent a deficiency or what would be found in a balanced diet; 2 to 10 times human needs is a starting point for such a pharmacological dosage.
Used in treatment of a few vitamin deficiencies. |
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Term
| Quality of Vitamin Sources |
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Definition
Plant, animal, and laboratory (isolated or synthesized) are the same chemical compounds and generally work equally well.
Vitamin E is much more potent in its natural form han in its synthetic form. Synthetic folic acid (in cereal and flour) is 1.7 times more potent than the natural form. |
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Term
| Storage of Vitamins in the Body |
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Definition
K is only fat soluble readily excreted from the body. Water soluble are rapidly lost from the body, except for B-6 and B-12, which are more readily stored.
Daily consumption necessary. |
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Term
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Definition
Vitamin A is the most frequently observed. Overconsumption of fish oils can cause it.
Vitamin E, niacin, B-6, and C must be consumed 15-100 times human needs to become toxic.
Toxicity usually caused by supplements. |
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Term
| Preservation of Vitamins in Food |
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Definition
Water-soluble (thiamin, C, folate) can be destroyed with improper storage and excessive cooking.
Heat, light, exposure to the air, cooking in water, and alkalinity destroy vitamins.
Sooner a food is eaten after harvest, the less chance of nutrient loss. Maybe blanch (destroy enzymes that break down vitamins) then freeze if not eaten within a few days. |
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Term
| Aborption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins |
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Definition
Absorbed with dietary fat.
Travel with dietary fat through bloodstream to body cells. Special carries in the bloodstream help distribute some of these vitamins. Stored mostly in the liver and fatty tissues.
Efficient absorption: 40-90% are absorbed.
Cystic fibrosis inhibits fat absorption and may cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiency.
Weight-loss drugs like Xenical can interfere with fat absorption.
Mineral oil is not absorbed and can carry fat soluble vitamins out of the body.
Unabsorbed fat and vitamins go to the large intestine and are excreted in the feces. |
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Term
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Definition
Preformed vitamin A
Only found in foods of animal origin |
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Term
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Definition
Provitamin A
Plant pigments contain this.
Beta-carotene, orange-yellow pigment in carrots, is the most potent form of provitamin A.
Lutein and Zeaxanthin. |
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Term
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Definition
Light-dark vision
Color vision (to a lesser extent)
Retinal: adjust from bright to dim light
Maintains health of the epithelial cells of internal and external surfaces of lungs, intestines, stomach, vagina, urinary tract, eyes, skin, and bladder
Certain immune system cells
Growth, Development, Reproduction
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention - carotenoids' antioxidant capability
Cancer prevention - skin, lung, bladder, breast cancers, prostate gland |
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Term
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Definition
Early sign of vitamin A deficiency
Inadequate retinol
Cannot quickly readjust from bright to dim light |
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Term
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Definition
Cells that line the cornea of the eye lose ability to produce mucus.
Eye becomes dry and easily scratched by dirt and infected. Infection can cause blindness.
Only accidents case more cases of blindness in the world. Diabetes causes more in N. America. |
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Term
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Definition
A thick fluid secreted by many cells throughout the body. It contains a compound that has both carbohydrate and protein parts. It acts as a lubricant and means of protection for cells.
Present in cornea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dry eye: Cause of blindness from vitamin A deficiency. A lack of mucus production by the eye leaves it at a greater risk of damage from surface dirt and bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
Leading cause of legal blindness among N. American adults over the age of 65.
Macular area of the eye provides the most detailed vision.
Age, smoking, and genetics are risk factors.
Carotenoids lower the risk for developing this and cataracts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical compound that differs slightly from another, usually natural, compound. Analogs generally contain extra or altered chemical groups and may have similar or opposite metabolic effects compared with the native compound. |
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Term
| Vitamin A and Acne Treatment |
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Definition
Retin-A is made of one analog form of vitamin A (topical treatment): irritates, peels skin. blocks skin bacteria from acne lesions.
Accutane (oral) for serious acne. Regulates development of cells in the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
Preformed: Liver, fish oils, fortified milk, fortified yogurt, eggs, margarine.
Provitamin: dark green and yellow-orange vegetables and some fruits. Carrots, spinach, greens, winter squash, sweet potatoes, broccoli, mangoes, cantaloupe, peaches, and apricots. |
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Term
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Definition
High intake of preformed vitamin A can cause fetal malformations and spontaneous abortions.
The skin can turn yellow-orange. |
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Term
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Definition
A cholesterol-like substance in the skin cells is converted to the prohormone vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays.
Liver and kidney cells convert the prohormone into its active hormone form.
Provides about 80%-100% of the "average" individual's vitamin D needs. Affected by skin color, age, time of day, season, and location. |
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Term
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Definition
Help regulate calcium and bone metabolism
Works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to closely regulate blood calcium so that the appropriate amounts of it will be supplied to all cells.
Ensures normal development of some cells (skin, colon, prostate, ovary, and breast cells), decreasing their cancer risk.
Controls growth of parathyroid gland
Aids in immune function
Muscle and gum health
Blood pressure regulation |
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Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| A hormone made by the parathyroid glands that increases synthesis of the vitamin D hormone and aids calcium release from bone and calcium conservation by the kidneys, among other functions. |
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Term
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Definition
Decreased calcium and phosphorus deposition in bones due to less vitamin D hormone activity.
A disease characterized by poor mineralization of newly synthesized bones because of low calcium content. This deficiency disease arises in infants and children from insufficient amounts of the vitamin D hormone in the body.
Symptoms include enlarged head, joints, and ribcage, and a deformed pelvis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soft bones, an adult disease comparable to rickets. The weakening of the bones seen in this disease is caused by low calcium content. A reduction in the amount of the vitamin D hormone in the body is one cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty fish (sardines, salmon), fortified milk, fortified yogurt, some cereals. A little is found in eggs, butter, liver, and some margarine. |
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Term
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Definition
Increased calcium absorption
High blood calcium - calcium depositions in the kidneys and other organs (metabolic disturbances and cell death).
Weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, mental confusion, increase urine output |
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Term
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Definition
Mostly resides in cell membranes as an antioxidant barrier to donate electrons or hydrogens to free radicals. Otherwise, cell DNA can be altered, causing cancer or cellular damage.
Maybe prevents or delays heart disease and some cancer (but not as supplements). |
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Term
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Definition
Highly reactive compounds containing an unpaired electron
Production of these is a normal result of cell metabolism and immune system function |
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Term
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Definition
Preterm infants are born with low vitamin E because mother transfers vitamin E late in pregnancy. Smoking destroys vitamin E in the lungs. Very low-fat diets and fat malabsorption also increases risk.
Cell membranes break down |
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Term
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Definition
| Destruction of red blood cells. The red blood cell membrane breaks down, allowing cell contents to leak into the fluid portion of the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical name for some forms of vitamin E. The alpha form is the most potent. Gamma-tocopherol is the main form in foods. Others are beta, gamma, and delta. |
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Term
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Definition
Plant oils, salad dressings, mayonnaise, cereals, asparagus, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables, eggs, margarine, whole grains, nuts, seeds.
Oxygen, metals, light, and deep-fat frying destroys vitamin E. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interfere with vitamin K's role in blood clotting, leading to hemorrhage. |
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Term
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Definition
Plants, plant oils, fish oils, and meats. Liver, green leafy vegetables, kale, turnip greens, dark-green lettuce, spinach, broccoli, peas, green beans, soybeans, canola oils, fortified chocolate.
Resistant to cooking loss.
Also ~10% is synthesized by bacteria in the human intestine.
Infants do not have that bacteria and need routine injections. |
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Term
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Definition
Vital for blood clotting, working along with various proteins and calcium
Activates proteins present in bone, muscle, and kidneys to give them calcium-binding ability. |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by long-term fat malabsorption or antibiotics
Increase in hip fractures |
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Term
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Definition
Generally, there is none. No Upper Level.
Megadose use causes reduced effectiveness of oral medications used to lessen blood clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, folate, vitamin B-12
Often occur together in same foods.
Function as coenzymes.
About 50-90% are absorbed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which an ingested nutrient is absorbed and thus is available to the body |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by not eating enough. Alcoholism makes it worse.
Fatigue.
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cataracts is suspected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unmilled or fortified grains |
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Term
| Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) Deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "I can't, I can't" in Sri Lanka's Sinhalese. Thiamin deficiency disorder characterize by muscle weakness, loss of appetite, nerve degeneration, irritability, nervous tingling throughout the body, poor arm and leg coordination, deep muscle pain in the calves, and sometimes and enlarged heart and edema. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pork, whole grains with wheat germ, cereals, enriched grains, green beans, milk, orange juice, organ meats, peanuts, dried beans, and seeds. |
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Term
| Riboflavin (Vitamin B-2) Functions |
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Definition
Coenzyme: energy yielding, esp. through oxygen-requiring pathways. Vitamin and mineral metabolism.
Antioxidation. |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of the mouth and tongue, dermatitis, cracking of tissue around the corners of the mouth (cheilosis), various eye disorders, sensitivity to the sun, confusion
Symptoms take 2 months of deficiency.
Likely also a deficiency of niacin, thiamin, vitamin B-6. |
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Term
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Definition
| Milk, milk products, enriched grains, cereals, meat, eggs, asparagus, broccoli, spinach, various greens |
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Term
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Definition
| No specific symptoms indicate that it exists. No Upper Level. |
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Term
| Niacin (Vitamin B-3) Functions |
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Definition
Functions in the body as one of two related compounds: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
Niacin coenzyme: energy release from energy nutrients and used by cells, synthetic pathways in cell that make new compounds (fatty acid synthesis), and almost every cellular metabolic pathway
Raises HDL-cholesterol by 15-35% |
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Term
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Definition
Alcoholism, poor tryptophan metabolism, or malnutrition
Pellegra is the group of symptoms.
Poor appetite, weight loss, and weakness.
Dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis (esp. on areas exposed to the sun).
Death. |
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Term
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Definition
Poultry, cereals, beef, wheat bran, tuna, fish, asparagus, peanuts, and a little coffee and tea.
Heat stable, so little is lost in cooking.
~50% synthesized from tryptophan |
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Term
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Definition
Headache, itching, increased blood flow to the skin
GI tract and liver damage |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid Functions |
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Definition
Helps release energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
By forming its coenzyme (coenzyme A or CoA), it allows many energy-yielding metabolic reactions to occur, activates fatty acids so they can yield energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peanuts, eggs, meat, milk, many vegetables. |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid Deficiency |
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Definition
| Deficiency is probably hidden among deficiencies of thiamin, riboflavin, B-6, and folate. |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid Toxicity |
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Definition
| No known symptoms and no Upper Level |
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Term
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Definition
Aids in fat and carbohydrate metabolism
Assists in addition of CO2 to other compounds
Promotes synthesis of glucose and fatty acids
Helps break down certain amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
Scaly inflammation of the skin
Changes in the tongue and lips
Decreased appetite
Nausea
Vomiting
A form of anemia
Depression
Muscle pain and weakness
Poor growth |
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Term
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Definition
Cauliflower, egg yolks, peanuts, cheese (avidin in raw egg white inhibits biotin absorption)
Intestinal bacteria synthesize and supply some biotin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Can exist in three chemical forms, all of which can be changed to the active vitamin B-6 coenzyme.
Pyridoxine is the general vitamin name and form added to foods |
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Term
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Definition
Needed in many areas of metabolism, particularly protein and amino acid and homocysteine and neurotransmitter metabolism
Coenzyme helps remove the nitrogen group from certain amino acids, making nitrogen available to another amino acid, so nonessential amino acids can be forms.
Synthesis of hemoglobin and its function to carry oxygen
Synthesis of white blood cells
Treat nausea for the first trimester of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
Alcholism destroys B-6.
Depression, vomiting, skin disorders, irritation of the nerves, impaired immune response
Convulsions (lack of neurotransmitters) |
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Term
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Definition
| Animal products, cereal, potatoes, milk, bananas, cantaloupes, broccoli, spinach |
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Term
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Definition
Easy with supplementation
Risk of developing irreversible nerve damage
Walking difficulties, hand/foot numbness |
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Term
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Definition
Folate comes from food. Contains extra units of glutamic acid (amino acid).
Folic acid is a synthetic chemical added to foods and supplements (1.7 times more easily absorbed) |
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Term
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Definition
Supplies or accepts single carbon compounds.
Coenzymes help form DNA and metabolize various amino acids and their derivatives, such as homocysteine. |
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Term
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Definition
Pregnancy problems - neural tube defects or anencephaly (absence of a brain)
Inflammation of the tongue, diarrhea, poor growth, mental confusion, depression, and nerve function problems
Decreased red blood cell synthesis
Immature cells cannot divide and cannot form new DNA
Cells grow larger, forming megaloblasts.
Less able to carry oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
A defect in the formation of the neural tube occurring during early fetal development.
This type of defect results in various nervous system disorders, such as spina bifida. Folate deficiency in the pregnant woman increases the risk that the fetus will develop this disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
Cereal, supplements, green leafy vegetables, organ meats, sprouts, dried beans, vegetables, orange juice, some in milk and bread
Susceptible to destruction by heat (50-90% by processing and preparation). Raw, steam, stir-fry, or microwave to prevent this. |
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Term
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Definition
Large doses can hide B-12 deficiency, so Upper Level is set.
Otherwise, no toxicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Family of compounds that contain the mineral cobalt. All are synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and other lower organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
Enters stomach in food, digested from other materials (stomach acid, etc)
Free B-12 binds with a protein produced by the salivary glands in the mouth, protecting itself from stomach acid.
Freed in small intestine by the intrinsic factor. The intrinsic factor/B-12 complex travels to the last portion of the small intestine for absorption.
50% is absorbed. |
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Term
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Definition
At risk: Breastfed-by-vegetarian/vegan infants
Caused from defective absorption more than from inadequate intake, esp. in older individuals.
Folate deficiency, nerve destruction (after 3 years of deficiency), paralysis, death |
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Term
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Definition
Folate metabolism
Maintaining myelin sheaths that insulate neurons from each other
Homocysteine metabolism
Certain minor metabolic pathways |
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Term
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Definition
The anemia that results from a lack of vitamin B-12 absorption
It is pernicious because of associated nerve degeneration that can result in eventual paralysis and death
Weakness, sore tongue, back pain, apathy, tingling in the extremities |
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Term
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Definition
Meat, milk, cereal, poultry, seafood, eggs, organ meats, liver, kidneys, heart
Over 50, try synthetic sources |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
In all living tissues
Antioxidant - reduces formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines in stomach and keeps folate coenzymes intact.
Iron Absorption
Immune Function |
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Term
|
Definition
Diarrhea (unabsorbed vitamin C stays in small intestine and attracts water)
Stomach inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamin C increases cross-connections between amino acids in collagen, greatly strengthening structural tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
At risk: smokers, alcoholics, old people
Widespread changes in tissue metabolism. Decrease in collagen synthesis.
Scurvy - Weakness, slow wound healing, opening of previously healed wounds, bone pain, fractures, bleeding gums, diarrhea, pinpoint hemorrhages around hair follicles on the back of the arms and legs. |
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Term
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Definition
Citrus fruits, green peppers, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, strawberries, papayas, romaine lettuce. Also, potatoes, cereal, fortified fruit drinks.
Lost in heat, iron, copper, oxygen, and thrown-out water. |
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Term
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Definition
Part of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter associated with attention, learning and memory, muscle control.
Part of phospholipids, such as lecithin, the major component of the cell membrane.
Participates in some aspects of homocysteine metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
Only one published study - liver damage
Essential, but not yet a vitamin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Milk, liver, peanuts. Lecithins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fishy body odor and low blood pressure, so Upper Level set. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only essential during disease states. |
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Term
| Should You Take a Supplement? |
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Definition
Talk to your doctor.
Supplement use cannot fix a poor diet in all respects and uninformed megadose supplement use can lead to harm.
Experts say only certain groups benefit.
Women of childbearing age may need extra folic acid.
Women with excessive bleeding during menstruation may need extra iron.
Women who are pregnant/breastfeeding may need extra iron, folate, and calcium.
Strict vegans may need extra calcium, iron, zinc, and B-12/
People with low-caloric intakes (less than 1200 kcal/day).
Newborns need a single dose of vitamin K
Older infants may need flouride supplements
People with limited milk intake and sunlight exposure may need extra vitamin D.
People with dairy allergies may need extra calcium.
People over age 50 may need a synthetic source of B-12.
People on low-fat diets may need extra vitamin E. |
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Term
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Definition
Acts as a solvent
Allows for chemical reactions to occur
Contributes to body temperature regulation
Helps remove waste products
Primary component of body fluids, such as in joints |
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Term
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Definition
50-70% of body weight
73% of lean muscle tissue
20% of adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid contained within a cell
2/3 of body fluid |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid contained outside a cell
1/3 of body fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Ions (sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, magnesium, and calcium) attract water |
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Term
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Definition
Nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism
Major source of nitrogen in the urine
By limiting excess protein and salt intakes, it is possible to limit urine output. |
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Term
| Adequate Intake for Water |
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Definition
| 3.7 liters (15 cups) for men. 2.7 liters (11 cups) for women. |
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Term
Body Weight Loss Due to Fluid
Between 0-2%
Between 2-4%
Between 4-6%
Between 6-8%
Between 8-10%
Over 10% |
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Definition
Between 0-2% - thirst
Between 2-4% - Nausea, emotional instability, impatience, weariness, lagging pace, flushed skin
Between 4-6% - Tingling in arms, hands, feet; stumbling, headache, heat exhaustion (faintness, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, headache, increase body temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate)
Between 6-8% - Labored breathing, dizziness, cyanosis (bluish color of the skin), indistinct speech, increasing weakness, mental confusion
Between 8-10% - muscle cramps, inability to balance with eyes closed, general incapacity, delirium and wakefulness, swollen tongue, circulatory insufficiency, marked hemoconcentration and decreased blood volume, failing kidney function
Over 10% - Death |
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Term
| Health Beverage Consumption Guidelines |
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Definition
| Beverages should provide less than 10% of total calories consumed for a 2200 kcal diet. |
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Term
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Definition
Kidneys cannot excrete
Electrolyte concentration too low
Blurred vision
Nausea |
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Term
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Definition
| Tap may be contaminated with the parasite Cryptosporidium. AIDS and other immune system deficiencies should boil water to kill it, but healthy people are fine. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic acid found in spinach, rhubarb, and other leafy green vegetables that can depress the absorption of certain minerals present in the food, such as calcium. |
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Term
| Animal and Plant Sources of Minerals |
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Definition
Animal sources are superior because they do not have the binders like fiber than plants do.
Also, plant sources are very dependent on soil type.
Yeast can break some of the binders in bread. |
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Term
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Definition
| A constituent of plant fibers that binds positive ions to its multiple phosphate groups |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Major positive ion in extracellular fluid
Helps body retain water
Nerve impulse conduction
Absorption of some nutrients (glucose) |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by diet low in sodium with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea
Muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shock, coma |
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Term
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Definition
Everything, esp. milk.
White bread, rolls, hot dogs, lunch meats, cheese, soups, tomato sauce, snack foods, French fries, potato chips, sauces, gravies |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid balance inside cells
Nerve impulse transmission |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Life-threatening.
Loss of appetite, muscle cramps, confusion, constipation
Irregular heartbeat |
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Term
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Definition
| Unprocessed foods. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dried beans, meats, milk, potatoes, beef, coffee, tomatoes, orange juice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that increases the volume of urine. Can lower blood pressure and deplete body's potassium. |
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Term
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Definition
| If kidneys function normally, no Upper Level needed. |
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Term
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Definition
Important negative ion for the extracellular fluid
Ions are a component of the acid produced in the stomach
Used during immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by low intake, frequent and lengthy bouts of vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
99% used to strengthen bones and teeth
40% of all minerals present in body
Present in all cells
Growth and bone development
Blood clotting
Assists flow of ions in and out of nerve cells
Regulates cellular metabolism by influencing the activities of various enzymes and hormonal responses
Reduces risk of certain cancers, kidney stones, hypertension, high blood cholesterol, obesity |
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Term
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Definition
Primarily in upper part of the small intestine (most acidic portion). Depends on active vitamin D hormone.
Enhanced by blood levels of parathyroid hormone, presence of glucose and lactose in the diet, gradual flow of digestive contents through the intestine.
Limited by large amounts of phytic acid in fiber, great excess of phosphorus in the diet, polyphenols in tea, vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, old age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging, genetic background, and poor diet in both genders, and hormonal changes at menopause in women |
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Term
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Definition
Body condition marked by sharp contraction of muscles and failure to relax afterward
Usually caused by abnormal calcium metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cheese, milk, bread, rolls, crackers, leafy greens, spinach, broccoli, sardines, canned salmon |
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Term
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Definition
| High blood and urinary calcium concentrations, irritability, headache, kidney failure, soft tissue calcification, decreased absorption of other minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of enzymes, DNA, cell membranes, (85%) bone |
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Term
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Definition
70%
Active vitamin D enhances |
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Term
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Definition
| Milk, cheese, meat, bread, cereal, bran, eggs, nut, fish, baked goods, processed meats, soft drinks |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in preterm infants, vegans, alcoholics, older people, long-term diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
Imbalance in calcium-to-phosphorus balance
Hurts kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
Nerve and heart function
Enzyme reactions
60% is in bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Milk, meats, whole grains, broccoli, potatoes, squash, beans, nuts, seeds, chocolate, tap, coffee |
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Term
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Definition
Irregular heartbeat
Weakness
Muscle pain
Disorientation
Seizures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Found in amino acids, biotin, thiamin, proteins, preservatives |
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Term
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Definition
Helps balance of acids and bases in body
Part of liver's drug-detoxifying pathways |
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