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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organic, chemical substances which perform important and specific functions in the body and are required in very small amounts (micronutrient) |
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Definition
Found in lipid portions of food, stored in body fat and the liver
- digested and absorbed with dietary fat |
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Definition
Carried in aqueous part, not stored in the body
- Vitamins C and B Complex: 1,thiamin... 2,riboflavin... 3,niacin... 4,folate... 5,Pantothenate... 6,pyridoxine... 7,Biotin... 8,B12... 9,choline
(Excess consumption is excreted |
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Definition
Inorganic elements that have specific roles in the body. Consist of one atom and carry a charge, they are micronutrients
- Aid in conducting electrical current to stimulate contraction of muscles, nerve impulses, and htey are vital for maintaining acid/base equilibrium |
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Definition
Required in large amounts, provide energy
1.Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3.Lipids(triglycerides=95% of fat consumption, 5% sterols/phospholipids
4.Alcohol (more energy/g than carbs) |
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| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
released by Hypothatlamus
- Stimulates release of FSH & LH |
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| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
secreted by Pituitary
- stimulates maturation of ova & Sperm |
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Definition
Pituitary
- stimulates secretion of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone |
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Definition
Ovaries
- first stimulates then inhibits GnRH during the menstrual cycle
- stimulates thickening of uterine wall during cycle
- born with eggs - about half million ova per ovary remain by beginning of puberty
-fat cells produce estrogen - onset of puberty related to % body fat |
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Definition
Ovaries
- prepares uterus for fertilized egg and to maintain a pregnancy
- stimulates cell division of fertilized egg
-inhibits action of testosterone |
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Definition
Testes
- stimulates maturation of males sex organs and sperm
- stimulates formation of muscle
-some estrogen produced
for those sperm - gotta be have numbers, good shape/morphology and good motility,swimmers
-making sperm continuously (70-90 day lifespan) |
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Definition
produced in fat cells - increases energy
losing weight -> decreased leptin -> decreased FSH & LH -> decreased estogen/testosterone production |
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Term
| Too little/much body fat on estrogen |
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Definition
too little - decreased estrogen
too much - increased estrogen
- either way its off balance |
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Term
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Definition
Immune response to protein in wheat (gliadin in gluten), rye and barley
- decreased reserves causes decreased estrogen and fertility
- intestinal problem leads to under nutrition (folate, iron, vit. AED
-gluten free diet, only cure |
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Term
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Definition
Excessive carotenoids/carotenes consumption of ~12 mg/d beta carotene for 6+ weeks may lead to amenorrhea and mestrual dysfunction.. unknown cause
- Vit. A can lead to birth defects
-please consume >5000 IU/D retinol
-RDA = 3500 IU/d or 700 mcg/d |
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Term
| Zincs role in reproduction |
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Definition
cofcators for enzymes involved in testosterone production
- synthesis and DNA replication/cell division
- keeps sperm healthy |
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Definition
increased oxidative damage of sperm DNA and PUFA in semen
- can lead to decreased motility and morphology
=also heavy metal exposure like lead, mecury, cadmium, manganese will decrease sperm prodction, motility, and shape, so definitely avoid those..
alcohol has similar effects!!! |
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Term
| Ubiquitous environmental contaminants on fertility |
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Definition
Phtalates=chemicals used in plastic production
-DDT (insecticide)
-PCBS (industrial compounds and byproducts)
- all shown to cause cancer in animals |
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Term
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Definition
increased rish of Low birth weight and pre term delivery
-increased risk of complication to mother |
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Definition
| increase rish of neural tube defects, excess fat on newborn, and complication to mother |
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Term
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Definition
increased rish of fetal alcohol spectrum
- it disrupts placenta function which causes decreased glucose and oxygen to the baby
- changes cgnitive ability, behavior and body/facial features |
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Definition
in low folate early in pregnancy, while neural tube is developing then theres an increased rish for a NTD
- it is formed in the first 21 days after conception |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of brain or spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
spinal cord fails to close, so spinal fluid collect in the fap during pregnancy
low b12 =low folate = incresed risk, and oral contraceptives cause this low b12 |
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Definition
increased risk of preterm
-increased risk of anemia in infant
- difficult to catch up once low
- about half women have inadequate stores |
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Definition
| too much can lead to facial and heart abnormalities |
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Term
| diabetes and preconception |
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Definition
uncontrolled in early pregnancy = increased risk of DM in offspring
- gestational DM increaed mother's risk for T2D later in life
- inreased risk of fetal deformities
- increased BW |
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Term
| insulin resistance - effects on pregnancy |
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Definition
increased:
- strain on pancrease
-risk of gestational DM
-LDL-C -> decreased HDL
- insulun may increase fat storage
- possibility of larger baby
- oxidative stress
*intervention*
=weight control, activity, complext CHO, low glycemic index, lower saturated FA's |
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Term
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Definition
elevated BG above normal fasting (>126 mg/dL)
=uncontrolled may decrease fertility
=T2 has increased risk of polycystic ovary syndrome which is the leading cause of female infertility
*** increased birth weight of paby, increased fat deposition, possibly increased risk for DM later, and congential abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
no insulin produced
Pancreas - destroyed beta cells (autoimmune response)
risk factors - unsure but the pancreas is damaged somehow |
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Definition
Decreased sensitivity to insulin and not enough produced
Pancreas - beta cells still work but no adequately
-risk factors - genetic, overweight, abdominal obesity and not likely increased sugar intake |
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Term
| polycystic ovary syndrome |
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Definition
affects 10% of reproductive-aged women
risk factors=insulin resistance and genetics
- lowers fertility
-causes large baby, secondary to increased BG
-INTERVENTION = increased physical activity, complext CHO, n-3 FA's
and decreased CHO to 45-50% cals |
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Definition
| sperm viability and motility, ovulation and viability, successful fertilization, health of pregnant woman, health of embryo/fetus, pregnancy outcome |
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| Shifting nutritional needs |
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Definition
| early maternal blood volume, later maternal mammary glands, early fetal CNS, later fetal skeletal system calcification, develops skeleton throughout, later fetal iron stores, later fetal fat and nutrient accumulation/storage |
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Term
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Definition
| exposure to certain possibly deficient levels of energy and nutrients changes the function of genes which may affect metabolism and risk of chronic diseases much later in life |
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