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Nutrition 300 Exam 2
Exam 2
110
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
11/13/2010

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Cards

Term
Triglyceride 
Definition
3 fatty acids, 1 glycerol 
Term
Chylomoicron 
Definition
large liproprotein synthesized in the intestines to transport dietary fat to the body 
Term
Lipoprotein lipase 
Definition
enzyme responsible for triglyceride breakdown 
Term
LDL
Definition
Lipoproetein that delivers cholesterol to the body'scells. mostly made of up of cholesterol 
Term
HDL 
Definition
Small lipoproteins that assist in removing cholesterol from body tissues for disposal 
Term
VLDL
Definition
Lipoprotein that transports lipids from the liver to the body's cells. Made up mostly of triglycerides 
Term
VLDL (when are they produced)
Definition
particles are the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins produced during endogenous lipid transport 
Term
LDL particles 
Definition
particles are the cholesterol rich lipoproteins derived as a result of triglyceride removal from starting lipoprotein 
Term
essential fatty acids 
Definition
linoleic and alpha linolenic acid
Term
anabolism 
Definition
process of making larger, chemically complex molecules from smaller more basic ones 
Term
catabolism 
Definition
breakdown or degradation of larger, more complex molecules to smaller more basic molecules 
Term
metabolism 
Definition
sum of all the chemical and physical changes that occur in body tissue
Term
glycolysis 
Definition
a sequence of chemical reactions that converts glucose to pyruvate 
Term
phospholipids 
Definition
are the key structural components of a cell's membrane 
Term
lipoproteins 
Definition

lipids are transported in the blood in spherical particles 

Term
adipose tissue 
Definition
in the body where the majority of triglycerides are stored for future energy needs 
Term
metabolism 
Definition
the collective activity of anabolic and catabolic pathways 
Term
lipolysis
Definition
breakdown of triglycerides 
Term
beta oxidation 
Definition
aerobic breakdown of fatty acids 
Term
gluconeogenesis 
Definition
synthesis of glucose in the liver from non-carb sources  
Term
pyruvate 
Definition
primary end product of glycolysis 
Term
HLC 
Definition

-is produced by parietal cells in the stomach 

-activates pepsinogen to form pepsin 

-denatures protein to allow digestive enzymes to break down protein 

Term

Diets high in trans fatty acids are associated with:  

Definition

 increased blood cholesterol levels.  

Term

 What is the leading cause of death in the United States?  

Definition
heart disease  
Term
 mutual supplementation 
Definition
The process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein is called
Term
A complete protein
Definition
contains all 9 essential amino acids in sufficient quantities to meet needs.  
Term
The body stores excess protein primarily for energy reserves.  
Definition
FALSE 
Term
Vegetarian diets are associated with increased consumption of
Definition
antioxidants  
Term
 In the absence of oxygen, glucose is catabolized to
Definition
pyruvate and then lactic acid
Term
Which of the following cells rely on anaerobic metabolism for ATP production 
Definition
RBC
Term
major classes of dietary lipids 
Definition


triglycerides

sterols

phospholipids. 


Term

What is the primary form of lipid in the diet?  

Definition
triglycerides  
Term

a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids? 

 

Definition
corn oil
Term
Triglyceride
Definition
Molecule containing glycerol and three fatty acids
Term
Saturated fatty acids
Definition
Fatty acids that are lacking any double bonds along their carbon chain
Term
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Definition
Fatty acids that contain one double bond along their carbon chain
Term
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Definition
Fatty acids that contain two or more double bonds along their carbon chain
Term
Trans fatty acids
Definition
By-product of hydrogenating unsaturated fatty acids
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Consist of glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Multiple-carbon ring lipid structure synthesized by the liver
Term
Monoglyceride
Definition
Molecule after two fatty acids have been removed from a triglyceride
Term
Which ones are triglyceride-rich?  
Definition
Chylomicrons and VLDL
Term
Which lipoprotein carries the most cholesterol?
Definition
LDL
Term

·      Which lipoprotein is characteristic

of exogenous lipid transport? 

Definition
Chylomicron
Term

·      Which lipoprotein is characteristic

of endogeous lpid transport?

Definition
VLDL which becomes LDL
Term

·      Which lipoprotein is characteristic of reverse cholesterol transport?

 

 

Definition
HDL
Term
The removal of the amine group from an amino acid is called... 
Definition
deamination
Term
The human body synthesizes cholesterol.
Definition
True
Term

Fat is the most energy dense of all the macronutrients. 


Definition
True
Term
Saturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature
Definition
False
Term
During times of weight gain, fat is primarily stored in the liver and muscle cells.  
Definition
False
Term
The type of vegetarian who eats vegetables, grains, fruits, milk, and eggs, but excludes all other types of animal protein, is called a: 
Definition

lacto-ovo vegetarian. 


Term
Which of the following supplements would you recommend a vegan add to his/her diet?
Definition
Vitamin B12
Term
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body are termed essential.  
Definition
FALSE
Term
Denaturation results in the loss of the protein's function
Definition
True
Term
ATP
Definition
Energy currency of the cell
Term
Lactic Acid 
Definition
End product of metabolism produced when there is a limited supply of oxygen
Term
Pyruvate
Definition
Primary end product of glycolysis
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Breakdown of glucose; yields 2 ATP molecules
Term
Acetyl CoA
Definition
Molecule derived from glycolysis and b-oxidation to enter TCA cycle
Term

Glycogen stores are the body's most abundant energy source.


Definition
False
Term
Amino acids are stored in the body for energy
Definition
False 
Term
Muscle glycogen cannot be used to raise blood glucose
Definition
True 
Term

In the fed state______ pathways predominate because of the action of ________.

Definition

Anabolic, insulin

Term

Which of the following is NOT a major function of protein in the human body?

Definition

Providing energy to the body

Term

Atherosclerosis is best defined as

Definition

The accumulation of cholesterol, other lipids and cellular debris in the artery wall, forming a plaque

Term

The two essential fatty acids we discussed

Definition

polyunsaturated, fatty acids

Term

Which of the following can be converted to fat?

Definition

All the above (carbs, proteins, triglycerides)

Term

Lipogenesis

Definition

The process of producing fatty acids from non-fat sources is called 

Term

Insulin

Definition

The primary anabolic hormone is

Term

What dictates the structure of a protein molecule synthesized by the body?

Definition

The DNA inside the nucleus of the cell

Term

Hydrogenation

Definition

The process of adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid is called

Term

Eicosanoids are hormone-like molecues derived from the essential fatty acids. The eicosanoids derived from the n-3 essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid are

Definition

Less inflammatory than those derived from the n-6 fatty acid linoleic acid

Term

Under the condition of starvation, the body will shift to production of an alternative fuel source to preserve muscle protein. The pathway that produses the alternative fuels is called 

Definition

Ketogenesis

Term

In order for the carbon skeleton of AA to be utilized as fuel or stored as fat the amine group must be removed through the processes of

Definition

Deamination and transamination

Term

Foam cells are lipid filled macrophages that are the hallmark of 

Definition

Atherosclerosis

Term

Dietary fatty acids can influence ones risk of developing heart disease. Specifically 

Definition

– saturated fatty acids increase ones risk/trans fatty acids increase ones risk

Term
Where do we find the majority of the phospholipids in our body?
Definition

As part of our cell membranes

Term

When reading a food ingredient list, the presence of partially hydrogenated oil is indicative of 

Definition

Trans fatty acids

Term

Because of increased energy demands, increased lean body mass and increased needs for repair and recovery, athletes who are acticely involved in training 

Definition
require more calories in their diets than non-athletes, require increased dietary protein  than non-athletes
Term

If someone had a problem producing hydrochloric acid in their stomach, digestions of which macronutrients would be most affected?

Definition

Proteins

Term

Reverse cholesterol transport, facilitated by HDL particles, refers to

Definition

The movement of cholesterol from other (peripheral) tissues to the liver

Term

Which of the following describes the main symptons of beriberi?

Definition

Muscle wasting and nerve damage

Term

Pellagra is the deficiency disease associated with 

Definition

Niacin

Term

Which of the following conditions have high dose niacin supplements been used to treat?

Definition

High cholesterol

Term

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and pantothenic acid are all

Definition

Required for energy production

Term

Beriberi and Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome result from

Definition

Thiamin deficiency 

Term
metabolism 
Definition
the collective activity of anabolic and catabolic pathways 
Term
two essential fatty acids
Definition
linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid 
Term
what type of essential fatty acids are found in fish or fish oils 
Definition
omega 3 
Term
what best describes exercise 
Definition
any movement produced by muscles that increases energy expenditure 
Term
In which of the following types of exercise would Creatine phosphate be an important source of energy
Definition
sprinting the 100-meter race (9-12 sec)
Term
aerobic 
Definition
metabolism supports physical activity that lasts more than 3 minutes 
Term
after 2 hours of exercise we switch from using carbs as our main fuel source to using ____
Definition
fat 
Term
at rest the body's main furl source is 
Definition
fat
Term
adding extra dietary protein may lead to 
Definition
an increase in body fat 
Term
when would carbo loading be most efficient 
Definition
cross country skiing 
Term
which of the following fatty acids is usually solid at room temp
Definition
saturated
Term
what is not found in chylomicron
Definition
carbs...but triglycerides, proteins, and cholesterol esters are
Term
what will reslt in a buildup of ketones in the blood
Definition
low carb availability  
Term
transamination 
Definition

the coenzyme form of vitamin B6 is PLP which plays a role in the process of making nonessential amino acids. this process is termed 

Term
the chronic overconsumption of _____ can result in biotin deficiency 
Definition
raw egg whites 
Term
a goiter can result from 
Definition
inadequate iodine in the diet, and excessive iodine supplementation 
Term
Function of vitamin E
Definition
protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from oxidation 
Term
deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is 
Definition
scurvy 
Term
what increases the RDA for vitamin C
Definition
smoking ciggs
Term
symptoms of pellagra
Definition
dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia 
Term
which water-soluble vitamin can regenerate vitamin E after it has been oxidized 
Definition
Vitamin C 
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