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Nutrition 3
n/a
89
Science
Undergraduate 1
11/14/2008

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Term
solvent
Definition
a fluid in which one or more substances dissolve
Term
solutes
Definition
dissolved substances
Term
polar
Definition
used to describe a molecule that has a positive charge at one end and a negative charge at the other
Term
electrons
Definition
negatively charged particles
Term
ion
Definition
an atom or group of atoms that carries an electrical charge
Term
dissociate
Definition
to separate two charged ions
Term
electrolytes
Definition
substances that separate in water to form positively and negatively charged ions. In nutrition, this term refers to sodium, potassium, and chloride
Term
hydrolysis reaction
Definition
chemical reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by adding water
Term
condensation reaction
Definition
chemical reaction that joins two molecules together. Hydrogen and oxygen are lost from the two molecules to form water.
Term
pH
Definition
a measure of the level of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
Term
intracellular fluid
Definition
the fluid located inside cells
Term
extracellular fluid
Definition
the fluid located outside cells. It includes fluid found in the blood, lymph, gastrointestinal tract, spinal column, eyes, joints, and that found between cells and tissues
Term
interstitial fluid
Definition
the portion of the extracellular fluid located in the spaces between cells and tissues
Term
blood pressure
Definition
the amount of force exerted by the blood against the artery walls
Term
insensible losses
Definition
fluid losses that are not perceived by the senses, such as evaporation of water through the skin and lungs
Term
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Definition
a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that increases the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney and therefore retained in the body
Term
dehydration
Definition
a condition that results when the output of water exceeds water intake, due to either low water intake or excessive loss
Term
hypertension
Definition
blood pressure that is consistently elevated to 140/90mmHg or higher
Term
renin
Definition
an enzyme produced by the kidneys that aids in the conversion of angiotensin to its active form, angiotensin II
Term
angiotensin II
Definition
a compound that causes blood vessel walls to constrict and stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone
Term
aldosterone
Definition
a hormone that increases sodium re-absorption by the kidney and therefore enhances water retention
Term
minerals
Definition
in nutrition, elements needed by the body in small amounts for structure and to regulate chemical reaction and body processes
Term
major minerals
Definition
minerals needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 mg per day or present in the body in amounts greater than .01% of body weight
Term
trace elements / trace minerals
Definition
minerals required in the diet in amounts of 100 mg or less per day or present in the body in amounts of .01% of body weight or less
Term
phytic acid or phytate
Definition
a phosphorus-containing storage compound found in seeds and grains that can bind minerals and decrease their absorption
Term
tannins
Definition
substances found in tea and some grains that can bind certain minerals and decrease their absorption
Term
oxalates
Definition
organic acids found in spinach and other leafy green vegetables that can bind certain minerals and decrease their absorption
Term
cofactor
Definition
an inorganic ion or coenzyme required for enzyme activity
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
a bone disorder characterized by a reduction in bone mass, increased bone fragility, and an increased risk of fractures
Term
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
a hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland that increases blood calcium levels
Term
calcitonin
Definition
a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that reduces blood calcium levels
Term
peak bone mass
Definition
the maximum bone density attained at any time in life, usually occurring in young adulthood
Term
hydroxypatite
Definition
a crystalline compound composd of calcium and phosphorus that is deposited in the protein matrix of bone to give it strength and rigidity
Term
cortical or compact bone
Definition
dense, compact bone that makes up the sturdy outer surface layer of bones
Term
trabecular or spongy bone
Definition
the type of bone that forms the inner spongy lattice that lines the bone marrow cavity and supports the cortical shell
Term
bone remodeling
Definition
the process whereby bone is continuously broken down and re-formed to allow for growth and maintenance
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
cells responsible for the deposition of bone
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
large cells responsible for bone breakdown
Term
age-related bone loss
Definition
the bone loss that occurs in both cortical and trabecular bone of men and women as they advance in age
Term
menopause
Definition
the physiological changes that mark the end of a woman's capacity to bear children
Term
postmenopausal bone loss
Definition
the accelerated bone loss that occurs in women for about five years after estrogen production decreases
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and transports it through the bloodstream to cells
Term
heme iron
Definition
a readily absorbed form of iron found in animal products that is chemically associated with proteins such as hemoglobin and myoglobin
Term
myoglobin
Definition
an iron-containing protein in muscle cells that binds oxygen
Term
nonheme iron
Definition
a poorly absorbed form of iron found in both plant and animal foods that is not part of the iron complex found in hemoglobin and myoglobin
Term
ferritin
Definition
the major iron storage protein
Term
transferrin
Definition
an iron transport protein in the blood
Term
transferrin receptor
Definition
protein found in cell membranes that binds to the iron-transferrin complex and allows it to be taken up by cells
Term
hemosiderin
Definition
an insoluble iron storage compound that stores iron when the amount of iron in the body exceeds the storage capacity of ferritin
Term
iron deficiency anemia
Definition
an iron deficiency disease that occurs when the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is decreased because there is insufficient iron to make hemoglobin
Term
pica
Definition
the compulsive ingestion of nonfood substances such as clay, laundry starch, and paint chips
Term
hemochromatosis
Definition
an inherited condition that results in increased iron absorption
Term
metallothionen
Definition
refers to protein that bind minerals. One such protein binds zinc and copper in intestinal cells limiting their absorption into the blood
Term
superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Definition
an enzyme that protects the cell from oxidative damage by neutralizing superoxide free radicals. One form of the enzyme requires zinc and copper for activity, and another form requires manganese
Term
ceruloplasmin
Definition
a copper-containing plasma protein that converts iron to the ferric form, which can bind to transferrin for transport in the blood
Term
selenoproteins
Definition
proteins that contain selenium as a structural component of their amino acids. Selenium is most often found as selenocysteine, which contains an atom of selenium in place of the sulfur atom
Term
glutathione peroxidase
Definition
a selenium-containing enzyme that protects cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing peroxides
Term
Keshan disease
Definition
a type of heart disease that occurs in areas of China where the soil is very low in selenium. It is believed to be caused by a combination of a viral infection and selenium deficiency
Term
thyroid-stimulating hormone
Definition
a hormone that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland
Term
goiter
Definition
an enlargement of the thyroid gland by a deficiency of iodine
Term
cretinism
Definition
a condition resulting from poor maternal iodine intake during pregnancy that causes stunted growth and poor mental development in offspring
Term
goitrogens
Definition
substances that interfere with the utilization of iodine or the function of the thyroid gland
Term
fluorhydroxyapatite
Definition
a fluoride-containing mineral deposit in the tooth enamel that is resistant to acid
Term
fluorosis
Definition
mottling of the tooth enamel caused by chronic overconsumption of fluoride
Term
foodborne illness
Definition
an illness caused by consumption of food containing a toxin or disease-causing microorganism
Term
pathogen
Definition
an organism capable of causing disease
Term
toxins
Definition
substances that can cause harm at some level of exposure
Term
cross-contamination
Definition
the transfer of contaminants from one food to another
Term
threshold effect
Definition
a reaction that occurs at a certain level as the dose increases. Below that level there is no reaction.
Term
food code
Definition
a set of recommendations published by the FDA for the handling and service of food sold in restaurants and other establishments that serve food
Term
Hazard Analysi Critical Control Point (HACCP)
Definition
a food safety system that focuses on identifying and preventing hazards that could cause foodborne illness
Term
critical control points
Definition
possible points in food production, manufacturing, and transportation at which contamination could occur or be prevented
Term
pasteurization
Definition
the process of heating food products to kill disease-causing organisms
Term
prion
Definition
a pathogenic protein that is the cause of degenerative brain diseases called spongiform encephalopathies
Term
foodborne infection
Definition
illness produced by the ingestion of food containing microorganisms that can multiply inside the body and cause injurious effects
Term
foodborne intoxication
Definition
illness caused by consuming a food containing a toxin
Term
spore
Definition
a dormant state of some bacteria that is resistant to heat but can germinate and produce a new organism wen environmental conditions are favorable
Term
viruses
Definition
minute particles not visible under an ordinary microscope that depend on cells for their metabolic and reproductive needs
Term
molds
Definition
multicellular fungi that form a filamentous branching growth
Term
parasites
Definition
organisms that live at the expense of others without contributing to the survival of the host
Term
tolerances
Definition
the maximum amount of pesticide residues that may legally remain in food, set by the EPA
Term
genetic engineering
Definition
a set of techniques used to manipulate DNA for the purpose of changing the characteristics of an organism or creating a new product
Term
integrated pest management (IPM)
Definition
a method of agricultural pest control that integrates nonchemical and chemical techniques
Term
organic food
Definition
food produced without the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, sewage sludge, irradiation, or genetically modified ingredients according to the standards of the USDA's National Organic Program
Term
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Definition
carcinogenic industrial compounds that have found their way into the environment and, subsequently, the food supply. Repeated ingestion causes them to accumulate in biological tissues over time
Term
fermentation
Definition
a process in which microorganisms metabolize components of a food and therefore change the composition, taste, and storage properties of the food
Term
food additives
Definition
substances that can reasonably be expected to become a component of a food during processing. The foods that may contain them and the amounts that may be present are regulated by the FDA
Term
accidental contaminants
Definition
substances that unexpectedly enter the food supply. They are not regulated by the FDA.
Term
aseptic processing
Definition
a method that places sterilized food in a sterilized package using a sterile process
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