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| What % of Americans are of European heritage? |
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| How many ancestry groups are there in the US? |
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| ~ 75 (Canada claims 200+) |
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| Fastest and largest growing ethnic group with 50% of immigrants |
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| Any substance that provides the nutrients necessary to maintain life and growth when ingested |
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| Done by animals, consuming foods necessary for well-being, done in the same manner each time |
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| Done by humans, they hunt, gather, cultivate plants, raise livestock, use utensils, and institute rules |
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| Ways in which humans use food, including everything from how it is selected, obtained, distributed, who prepares, serves, and eats it |
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| Humans must be flexible enough to eat a variety of essential items, yet cautious enough to not randomly ingest harmful foods; attraction to new foods, but prefer familiar foods |
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| Self-Identity (food influence) |
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| Food likes or dislikes of someone else are accepted an internalized as personal preferences |
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| Essential symbolic function of food; incorporation can signify collective association |
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| Appropriate use of food and the behaviors associated with eating |
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| <2 = eat anything and everything, 3-6 = begin to reject culturally unacceptable foods, 7+ = repulsed by foods their culture disproves |
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| Learned values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices accepted by members of a group or community; passed from generation to generation |
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| Act of passing culture from one generation to another |
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| Person who uses his or her own values to evaluate the behaviors of others |
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| Hostility directed toward persons of different cultural groups |
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| People from one ethnicity move to an area with different cultural norms; food habits are among last to change |
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| People from one cultural group shed their ethnic identity and fully merge into the majority culture |
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| New majority culture complement to individuals ethnicity; Individual develops skills needed to operate within either culture |
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| Staples regularly included in a person’s diet, usually on a daily basis; typically complex carbs |
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| Widely used but less frequently eaten; such as chicken, legumes, lettuce, and apples |
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| Eaten only sporadically; based on individual preference, not culture |
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Unique seasoning combinations, typify the foods of ethnic groups worldwide.
German = sour cream, dill, mustard
Chinese = soy, rice wine, ginger root
Thai = fish sauce, coconut milk, chilis |
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| Main course and side dishes, typically a meat, vegetable, and starch |
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| Indigenous to mass-produced foods |
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| Homemade to manufactured foods |
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| Producers to consumers only |
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| Muscle power to fuel power; industrial revolution |
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| Consumer Food Choice Model |
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| Factors influencing decisions within that predetermined food sphere; convenience, cost, taste, self expression, well-being, variety > food choices > physiology/metabolism > health outcomes |
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| More immediate considerations, such as taste, cost, convenience, self- expression, well-being, and variety |
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| Sensory properties detectable in foods: color, aroma, flavor, and texture |
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| Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami |
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| Category used to describe groups of people; no genetic basis for use of race according to Human Genome Project |
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| Rice, wheat, corn, fruits, root vegetables, and acorns |
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| Sausage, dairy, soy, fish, legumes, nuts; 30% of world dependent on fish |
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| Cactus, apples, berries, cacao, guavas, mangoes, papaya, plantains, durian, coconuts, and dates |
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| Person ascribes the collective traits associated with a specific group to every member of that group, discounting individual characteristics |
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| Implies not only familiarity with the food habits of a particular culture, but recognition of intra-ethnic variation within a culture as well |
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| Although foods from throughout the world are available, and often affordable, consistency and conservatism are also needed |
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| U.S. model including grains, veggies, fruits, milk, and meats/beans |
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| Mediterranean Food Pyramid |
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| Categories are: monthly, weekly, daily. There's a separate category for olive oil. Wine is allowed in moderation. Non-refined cereals: 8 servings |
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Four categories:
-breads, cereals, root veggies,
-vegetables
-fruits
-meat, fish, eggs, poultry |
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| Based on scientific findings of researchers regarding diet, exercise, and lifestyle issues |
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| Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Popular in US, top 5 are: natural products, deep breathing, medication, chiropractic/osteopathic interventions, and massage; 38% adults and 12% children using (increasing) |
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| Combo of conventional and CAM treatment |
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| Conventional system of health care in the US and other Western nations based on the principles of the natural sciences, including biology, physiology, and biochemistry |
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| Mastery over nature, personal control over environment, activity, time dominates, human equality, individualism, youth, self-help, competition, future orientation, informality, directness, practicality, materialism |
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| - Doing one task at a time in a sequential manner |
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| Tendency for health care providers to enforce their beliefs, practices, and values upon clients, often because they believe their ideas are superior |
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| A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely an absence of disease or infirmity as described by the World Health Organization (WHO) |
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Nearly all identify a good diet, sufficient rest, and cleanliness as necessary to health:
Americans- 3 meals a day
Mid Eastern- Sufficient quantity
Asian Indian- Religious purity of food
Filipinos- Bathing several times/day |
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| Based on balance and moderation |
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| Raw, soothing, cooked at low temp, white or light green; "cold" |
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| High-cal, cooked in high-heat, spicy, red/orange/yellow; "warm" |
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| Abnormalities or malfunctioning of body organs/systems; caused by illness: immediate, underlying, or ultimate |
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| Entire disease-illness process |
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The study of the cause of disease; can come from:
-Patient
-Natural World
-Social World
-Supernatural World |
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| Used to account for why good or evil happens to a person or a community and to calm individual fears of being victimized |
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| Symptoms, complaints, and behavioral changes associated with specific conditions; anorexia, SUnDS |
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| Addresses the experience of illness, alleviating the infirmities of the sick patient even when disease is not evident |
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| Originated in Germany, based on the concept that symptoms in illness are evidence that the body is curing itself, and acceleration or exaggeration of the symptoms speeds healing |
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| - Based on whole foods and dietary supplements, is the foundation of naturopathic health maintenance and healing |
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| Misalignments of the spine interfere with the nervous system |
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| Blood and lymph flow, as well as nerve function, improves thru manipulation of the musculoskeletal system; posture, joints, spine |
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| The control of breathing and use of systematic body poses to restrain the functions of the mind and promote mind-body unity; and visualization or guided imagery, induced relaxation and targeted willing away of health problems |
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| Consecutive or concurrent use of multiple health care systems; widespread in the US |
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| Used by 80+% of the world, not regulated by the FDA as its a "dietary supplement, suffers from placebo effect |
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| Associated with good physical health, less depression, longer life |
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| Relaxation response; reduced blood pressure with meditation |
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| See the difference, stomp it out; elimination of other peoples cultures |
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| See the difference, make it wrong; believe in superiority of ones own culture and behavior |
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| Seeing the difference, act like you don't; acting as if the cultural difference you see does not matter, or not recognizing differences at all |
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| See the difference, respond inadequately; awareness of the limitations of one's skills or an organizations practices when interacting with other cultural groups |
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| See the difference, understand the difference that difference makes; Name, Claim, Reframe, Train, Change |
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| See the differences and respond positively and affirmingly |
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| Iceberg Model (cultural heritage & communication) |
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Above- Race, nationality, gender, age
Below- Acculturation/assimilation, socioeconomic status, occupation, health condition, religion, sexual preference, group membership, educational background, political orientation |
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| Western Culture, Swiss, German, Scandinavian. Individual. Precise, linear wording. Language objective. Focus on speaker. Words are more important than how they're said or non-verbals. Biomedicine. |
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| Asian, Middle Eastern, Native American. Context is more important than words (reading between lines). Group association. Language is personal. vague wording. Attitudes and feelings. Non-verbal communication is more important |
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| Affective and physical cues a speaker uses to indicate meaning, such as tone of voice, facial expressions, posture, and gestures |
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| Discomfort with unkown & change. Desire consensus. Less curious about unknown. Central rule & laws. Formal. Found in Argentina, Egypt, Israel, Mexico, Spain, most African & Asian nations |
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| Doing one task at a time; typically low-context |
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| Multitasking; typically high-context (growing) |
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| Speaker misunderstand communication behavior but is unaware that misinterpretation has occurred |
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| Speaker is aware of misunderstanding but makes no effort to correct |
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| Speaker considers own cultural communication aspects and makes mods to prevent misinterpretation |
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| Skilled speaker in intercultural communication and no longer needs to think about it |
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C-Culture
R-Respect
A-Asses/Affirm differences
S-Sensitive
H-Humility, apologize |
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| One god; Middle East is the center, Christianity = 33%, Islam = 22%, Judaism = 1% |
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| Multiple gods; India is the center, Hindu = 15%, Buddhism = 6% |
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| Judaism dietary laws, set down in the Torah, explained in the Talmud; kosher |
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| Strictest kosher standards |
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| Cattle, deer, goats, oxen, sheep, fish with fins & scales, chicken, duck, geese, turkey (crop, gizzard, extra talon) |
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| Swine, rabbits, carnivorous animals, catfish, eels, rays, sharks, shellfish, reptiles, birds of prey, products of animals (except honey) |
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| Ritualistic Kosher process to take the life of an animal; trained and licensed; slits jugular and drains blood |
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| Unfit animal for consumption; blemish free meat, organs, no disease |
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| Can't be eaten together; use separate pots and pans |
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| Neutral foods, can be eaten with dairy or milk; eggs, fruit, veggies, grain |
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| Day of Atonement, complete fasting day |
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| Celebrates Jewish exodus from Egypt |
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| Eating is matter of worship. No overindulging. Share food. Right hand only for eating |
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| Islamic prohibited foods, swine, 4-footed animals who catch prey with mouth, birds of prey, blood, alcohol, drugs, stimulants discouraged |
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| Islamic fasting month, from dawn to sunset |
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