Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Nutrition 2
Exam 2
108
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
11/02/2012

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
A protein hormone formed in the pancreas and secreted into the blood for the purpose of regulating carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism.
Definition
Insulin
Term
A condition in which the body cells resist the action of insulin
Definition
Insulin resistance
Term
High levels of insulin in the blood
Definition
Hyperinsulinemia
Term
A condition of low blood glucose level
Definition
Hypoglycemia
Term
Also known as the insulin resistance syndrome.
Definition
Metabolic syndrome
Term
At least three health conditions found together central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, gout, polycystic ovary syndrome, and type II diabetes.
Definition
Metabolic syndrome
Term
Other conditions such as some forms of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other health conditions are often found with this syndrome.
Definition
Metabolic syndrome
Term
A condition of elevated triglycerides with low high-density -lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels.
Definition
Dyslipidemia
Term
A hereditary form of arthritis in which uric acid is built up in the blood and may be deposited in joints and other tissues
Definition
Gout
Term
A condition that is often found with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia
Definition
Polycystic ovary syndrome
PCOS
Term
Is insulin resistance related to genetics or lifestyle?
Definition
Both.
Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body cells resist the action of insulin
Term
The theory related to the historical survival of groups of people or populations who withstood cycles of famine.
Definition
Thrifty gene
Term
What are the criteria for metabolic syndrome diagnosis?
Definition
At least three of the following conditions found together.
Central obesity, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Gout, Polycystic ovary syndrome, And type II diabetes.
Term
Based on genes, where geographically were people at the highest risk for insulin resistance?
Definition
Insulin resistance is common in persons who and whose ancestors lived near the equator. Spanish, Native American, African, Asian, Pacific Islander
Term
Risk factors for metabolic syndrome.
Definition
Hyperinsulinemia, family history of diabetes, HTN, CVD, polycystic ovary syndrome and gout.
Term
How does the Pima Indian stories related to genetics versus lifestyle in the development of diabetes and obesity.
Definition
Pima Indians in southwestern United States have the highest rate of diabetes in the world but only in the last hundred years since the Gila river was rerouted to provide your irrigation to California resulting in a change in lifestyle. Pima Indians in Mexico still have a low rate of obesity and diabetes but have maintained their traditional diet and high physical activity levels.
Term
A condition of low blood glucose level defined as a blood glucose level less than 70 mg/dL.
Definition
Hypoglycemia
Term
High levels of insulin in the blood often associated with obesity and insulin resistance.
Definition
Hyperinsulinemia
Term
*How is reactive hypoglycemia linked to hyperinsulineia?
Definition
*Hyperinsulinemia can cause hypoglycemia.
Term
Seven strategies to help prevent metabolic syndrome
Definition
Regular physical activity.
High-fiber foods.
Avoid excess refined carbs.
Emphasize unsaturated fats avoid saturated and trans fats.
Maintain ideal body weight.
Adequate sleep of about eight hours.
Term
Diet strategy for the management of metabolic syndrome.
Definition
Fat intake as high as 35% with emphasis on monosaturated fat.
Inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids from Coldwater fish.
Carbohydrate intake 45 to 50% with emphasis on high-fiber sources in several small meals.
Increased exercise and low calorie intake.
Decrease inflammation with omega-3 fats high magnesium foods and increased antioxidants.
Moderate alcohol intake.
Term
The form of cholesterol referred to as good cholesterol because it's high protein content allows transfer of cholesterol out of the bloodstream.
Definition
High density lipoprotein cholesterol
HDL
Term
The form of cholesterol referred to as the bad cholesterol and strongly associated with heart disease consists of low levels of protein in the composition
Definition
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol
LDL
Term
What health problems are associated with obesity?
Definition
Inflammatory conditions.
Cholelithiasis.
Osteoarthritis.
Sleep apnea.
Medical problems associated with metabolic syndrome
Term
Medical problems associated with metabolic syndrome:
Definition
Hypertension, dyslipidemia, gout, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes, early cardiovascular disease, certain forms of cancer.
Term
What is BMI based on?
Definition
Height weight ratio
Term
What region of United States has the highest rate of obesity?
Definition
The south
Term
Lipolysis
Definition
The breakdown of body fat
Term
Lipogenesis
Definition
The formation of adipose tissue or body fat.
Term
How does insulin affect lipolysis and lipogenesis?
Definition
Lean tissue muscle is insulin resistant
Term
Prevention of obesity
Definition
Positive food habits, High-fiber foods and slow-paced eating, Avoid rewording and comforting with food, Drink water, Include regular physical activity.
Term
How many calories are needed to lose 1 pound?
Definition
3500
Term
What is a safe healthy amount of weight to lose per week?
Definition
1 to 2 pounds
Term
How much weight would a diabetic need to lose to help reduce glucose levels?
Definition
10 to 15 pounds
Term
Variations of the low-fat approach:
Definition
Low-fat with additional focus on high-fiber foods or good carbohydrates.
Point system weight watchers lower points for foods high in fiber and low in fat.
Moderate sat with high-fiber therapeutic lifestyle changes TLC diet.
Term
Theories behind weight-loss strategies:
Definition
Calorie control approach.
Low-fat approach.
Low carbohydrate approach.
Nonbiting approaches.
Term
Rationale: insulin causes weight gain.
Definition
The low carbohydrate approach.
Term
Focuses on hunger and satiety to base food intake, and behavior modification.
Definition
Non dieting approaches
Term
Benefits of exercise
Definition
Burns kilocalories.
Increases metabolic rate for up to 24 hours aerobic forms.
Increase in the number and function of mitochondria.
Improved hormonal balance.
Improved mood promoting better food choices.
Term
Benefits of Excercise
Definition
Weight loss, Insulin sensitivity, Increased circulation.
Term
Any form of exercise that requires an increased intake of oxygen such as brisk walking or running.
Definition
Aerobic excercise
Term
Any exercise that does not increase the intake of oxygen, such as weigh lifting.
Definition
Anaerobic exercise
Term
Who are surgical interventions appropriate for?
Definition
Individual with Class 3 obesity or class 2 with high mortality risk.
Term
Least invasive and reversible
Definition
Gastric Banding
Term
A form of weight loss , or bariatric surgery involving placing a band around the stomach to reduce its ability to expand with eating.
Definition
Gastric Banding
Term
Band and staples are used to create a small stomach pouch. Associated with malasorption.
Definition
Stomach Stapling
Term
Arteriosclerosis
Definition
The hardening and thickening of the walls of the arteries.
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
A build up of plaque inside the arteries and blood vessels that leads to heart disease.
Term
An embolus or blood clot
Definition
CVA Cerebrovascular accident
Term
Myocardial Infarction
Definition
Heart Attack
Term
The formation of a thrombus or clot formed from platelets and other blood substances, which may partially or totally obstruct blood flow.
Definition
Thrombosis
Term
Artery disease in the periphery of the body.
Definition
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Term
A condition of low cholesterol leves that may be related to underlying disease
Definition
Hypocholesterolemia
Term
A elevation of specific lipoproteins, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
Definition
Hyperlipidemia
Term
A condition of elevated triglycerides with low high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol levels.
Definition
Dyslipidmia
Term
A condition of excess fluid buildup in the body.
Definition
Edema
Term
Distinguish between the types of lipids.
Definition
HDL( ) LDL(-) Triglycerides(-)
Term
A form of atherosclerosis
Definition
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Term
Cardiovascular Disease CVD is also known as
Definition

Coronary Heart Disease CHD

Coronary Artery Disease CAD

Term
Risk factors for CVD (ATP lll)
Definition

High

Term
What decreases risk for stroke?
Definition
High fiber diet and fish (omega 3 fats)
Term
MNT for dyslipidemia
Definition

Low saturated and trans fats

Low cholesterol

Increase soluble fiber

Lose weight (10%) helpful

Include omega 3

Increase monounsaturated fats (nuts, oils, avacados)

Follow AHA Theraputic Lifestyle Change Diet

Term
How do stanols help lower cholesterol?
Definition

Inhibit absorptive process

(naturally occurring plant sterols, may interfere with absorption of certain nutrients.)

Term
How do nuts decrease heart disease risk?
Definition

Vitamin E content and monounsaturated fats.

Other compounds found in nuts contribute to cardiovascular health, including fiber, phytochemicals, and the minerals potassium, and magnesium.

Term
How does Chocolate decrease risk?
Definition
Promotes vasodilation to lower BP and improve circulation and reduce oxidative stress.
Term
Which electrolyte may help reduce the risk of CVD?
Definition

Magnesium

Improves endothelial health

Reduces arrhythmia and risk of heart failure

Acts as an HMG-Co reductase inhibitor

Reduces complications in CABG surgery

Term
Factors Contributing to Hypertension
Definition

Obesity

Lack of exercise

HX of low birth weight

High ratio of Na to K intake

Deficiencies of Vitamin C, folic acid, zinc, and Mg

High intake of red meat

Chronic coffee intake

 

Term

Benefits of exercise? How much exercise is recommended? What type?

 

Definition

Minimum of 30 minutes on most days of the week.

Both aerobic and anaerobic exercises contribute to reduced CVD by reduced BP and increased HDL

Term

Biggest nutritional factor affecting people with heart failure?

 

Definition

Sodium

(high intake may cause adema)

Term
How do statins decrease cholesterol?
Definition
Statins inhibit liver's production and lowers LDL and inflamation
Term
A condition of excessive excretion of urine.
Definition
Polyuria
Term
A condition of exces thirst.
Definition
Poydipsia
Term
A conditon of excess appetite.
Definition
Polyphagia
Term
An eye disease found in persons with long-standing diabetes
Definition
Diabetic Retinopathy
Term
An elevation of glucose in the blood
Definition
Hyperglycemia
Term
Nerve disease of the autonomic or involuntary system, such as the digestive or respiratory system.
Definition
Autonomic neuropathy
Term
After Meals
Definition
Postprandial
Term
A condition characterized by functional disturbances and pathologic changes outside the central region of the nervous system
Definition
Neuropathy
Term
The common form of diabetes generally related to insulin resistance
Definition
Type 2 Diabetes
Term
A form of diabetes occuring during pregnancy, usally between the 24th and 28th week of gestation.
Definition
Gestational Diabetes
Term
What causes gestational diabetes?
Definition
Occurs during pregnancy after placenta is formed and is caused by placental hormones working in opposition to insulin.
Term
Common SX of Hypoglycemia
Definition

Weakness

Confusion

Headache

Physical Tremors

Rapid Heart rate

Double or Blurred Vision

Clammy Skin

Term
15/15 Rule
Definition
15g CHO, wait 15 min, if still lw give another 15g CHO, wait 15 min.
Term
Maximum rise in BG with 15g CHO
Definition
50 Points
Term
A test used to determine long-term diabetes management
Definition
A1c
Term
Hyperglycemia vs Hypoglycemia
Definition

Not enough insulin

To much insulin

Term
Describe CHO counting
Definition

With type 1, CHO are balanced with short-acting insulin (usally 1 unit /15g CHO)

With type 2 CHO per meal are limited to individual tolerance (generally 30-50g CHO / meal)

Term
Other nutritional management factors
Definition

Fiber lowers insulin requiremnets

Souble fibers lower lipids

Cinnamon reduces BG 20-30% abd further lowers LDL and triglycerides

Alcohol increases both insulin sensitivity and risk of hypoglycemia

Term
Benefits of exercise in Diabetes
Definition

Type 2 (lowers insulin resistance, promotes weight goals)

All types

Promotes circulation

Helps use BG for energy needs with resulting lowered BG levels

Term
Any disease of the kidneys
Definition
Nephropathy
Term
A disorder of the glomeruli involving edema, hypertension, and hematuria
Definition
Nephritic Syndrome
Term
A condition involving edema, proteinuria hypoalbuminuria, and susceptibility to infections
Definition
Nephrotic syndrome
Term
Hardening of the kidney related to chronic hypertension
Definition
Nephrosclerosis
Term
The urea nitrogen concentration found in blood
Definition
Blood urea nitrogen BUN
Term
A nitrogen compound used in the laboratory test to indicate renal function
Definition
Creatinine
Term
High serum blood potassium level
Definition
Hyperkalemia
Term
The final stage of renal disease associated with severe azotemia include symptoms of headache muscular twitching mental disturbances nausea and vomiting
Definition
Uremia
Term
A condition of decreased urinary output
Definition
Oliguria
Term
A condition of lack of urinary excretion
Definition
Anuria
Term
Treatment of nephritis
Definition
Reduced protein intake
Mild potassium restriction
Mild sodium restriction
Inclusion of Omega 3
Term
Nephrolithiasis
Definition
Kidney stones
(Calcium oxalate stones and uric acid stones)
Term
Electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated sodium level in the blood
Definition
Hypernatremia
Term
Function of the kidneys
Definition
Maintain proper metabolism and hormone balance.
Reabsorbing important body constituents such as electrolytes
Excreting toxins through the 1 million nephrons
Term
Risk factors related to nephropathy
Definition
Genetics
Hypertension
Hyperglycemia
Smoking
Older age
Male gender
High-protein diet
UTIs
Orlistat
Contrast dies
IGA nephropathic maybe do two unrelated celiac
Term
Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease
Definition
Elevated BUN and creatinine
Hyperkalemia and hypernatremia
Fluid retention with edema
Imbalances of serum calcium and phosphate
Anemia
Term
Nutritional treatment of chronic kidney disease
Definition
Low phosphate diet to control serum phosphate level
Low potassium diet
2-g sodium diet if albumin normal
Maximum .8 g PRO per kg body weight
High-fiber diet helps bind and excrete excess nitrogen with fecal loss
Term
Protein needs with CKD versus ESRD with dialysis
Definition
CKD .8
ESRD 1.2
Term
Role of exercise in CKD
Definition
Helps lower insulin resistance and control blood glucose and blood pressure
Helps reduce CVD
Maintains quality of life
Improved variety of health outcomes associated with the Katie
Supporting users have an ad free experience!