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| The simplest organism that can have a life of its own. The human body is dependent on how each of its cells functions, and all of the cells work together to promote life. |
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| The sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body. |
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| The amount of energy the body uses in a given period. |
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| The body's ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition. |
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| A germ that acts as a precursor to disease or illness in the body. |
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| A compound created by one cell that travels to and stimulates another cell. |
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| Cells in the human body produce these to help catalyze chemical reactions. |
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| Tissues combine to form organs. Example: Heart |
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| Cells form tissue. Example: cardiac muscle tissue |
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| Organelles work together to form cells. Example: cardiomyocytes (cardiac muscle cells) |
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| Molecules and atoms combine to form organelles. Example: nucleus |
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| Atoms combine to form a molecule. Example: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| Chemicals, such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, are the basic units of matter. Example: carbon |
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| Organs work together to form organ systems. Example circulatory system. |
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| Organ systems sustain complex organisms. Example: you |
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| Your skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and oter external structures. This system is responsible for protecting the body from external damage. |
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| Your skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles. (smooth muscles are part of your arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and more.) The role of muscles is to produce movement, whether it's to move you across the room, to move your blood through blood vessels, or to move food through your intestines. |
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| Your bones, tendons, ligaments and other structures. This system is responsible for supporting the body by providing a rigid structure capable of resistance and movement. |
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| Your brain as well as your nervous tissues. This system is responsible for electrochemical cellular communication-signals that trigger thought, movement, voluntary, and involuntary activity. |
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| Your hormonal organs and glands. Your hormonal glands include the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, testis, ovaries, and more. This system is responsible for chemical cellular communication within the body. |
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| Your heart, blood and blood vessels. This system is responsible for transporting hormones, enzymes, nutrients, and other chemicals, throughout the body. |
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| Your thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and other similar organs. This system is responsible for defending the body against pathogens, tumer cells, and other foreign invaders. |
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| Your nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, and other airways and gas exchange organs. This system is responsible for ridding the body of carbon dioxide and bringing in oxygen. |
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| Your oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and the organs associated with digestion including the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and other. This system is responsible for breaking down and absorbing nutrients from food and drink. |
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| Your kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and related organs and glands. This system is responsible for producing, storing and eliminating urine. |
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| Your sex organs and glands. This systemis responsible for human reproduction. |
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| Tissue composed of cellular layers that will act to protect surfaces of the human body. |
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| Tissue with multiple cells and fibers that helps to protect and support. |
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| Contractile tissue consisting of cells that contract when stimulated. |
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| Tissue capable of conducting impulses that help to connect and communicate signals to other parts of the body. |
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| A component of the cell that is responsible for a specific task. |
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| The fluid medium inside of the cell, but outside of the nucleus, that surrounds organelles. |
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| Large and complex compounds consisting of amnio acids, containing nitrogen, that are essential for living cells. |
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| A nutrient required in large amounts (protein, fat, carbohydrates) |
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| Chemicals found naturally in plants. |
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| A non-protein compound acting with another substance to bring about a transformation. |
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| The study of how living organisms vary in their heredity. |
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| An organelle where genetic material is housed. |
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| Nucleic acids that contain instructions for heredity. |
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| A particular genomic sequence in DNA or RNA controlling the function of genetic material. |
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| To remove a poison of toxin from the body. |
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| To activate or increase the cellular response to a stimulus. |
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| The study of how genes respond to nutritional intake. |
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| A lipid bilayer that is permeable to certain compunds that contain cell. |
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| Various substances that are naturally occurring providing structure, a storage depot, and acting as a messenger. |
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| A lipid/sterol contained in the body's cells and fluids that act as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures. |
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| Strong affinity for water |
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| Lack of affinity for water |
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| Internal fluid portion of the cell |
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| An organelle that supplies the cell energy/ATP. ("Mitochondria" is the plural form of the word.) |
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| ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) |
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| An adenosine molcule with three phosphate groups that supplies energy for the cell. |
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| Internal compartments of the mitochandria. |
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| The quanity of mitochondria per unit volume. |
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| The specific attributes of a mitochondria. |
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| REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) |
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| Various substances formed as a byproduct of metabolism that are highly reactive due to the unpaired electron shell. |
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| Reactive atom with one or more electrons. |
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| Compound capable of preventing/slowing oxidation |
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| The organized structure of DNA, which contains the genes of an organism, found within cells. |
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| Constructing mRNA from a DNA molecule. |
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| Forming a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mRNA. |
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| ENDOPLASMIC RETCULUM (ER) |
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| Cytoplasmic membranes that function to translate proteins. |
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| Cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins. |
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| Complexes rich in RNA and protein found in cells. |
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| Protein that contains a carbohydrate group, involved in membrane integrity. |
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| Various nucleic acids on a single strand containing ribose and uracil, necessary for the control of cell activities. |
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| Flattened membrane disc of golgi apparatus. |
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| Fluid filled pouch/sac that can transport and store compounds. |
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| Organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes. |
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| An organism of microscopic size. |
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| Cytoplasmic organelle with enzyme for production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. |
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| RECEPTOR-LIGAND BINDING COMPLEX |
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| A complex formes between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity. |
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| When the cell is able to convert one signal to another. |
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| Mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extracellular molecule. |
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| Protein hormone released from the pancreas, necessary for the metabolism of nutrients. |
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| A protein that acts to transport compounds across a membrane. |
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| Form of passive transport facilitated by transport proteins. |
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| Movement of a substance against a gradient, using energy. |
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| A model explaining enzyme specificity. |
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| A model suggesting that enzymes are rather flexible structures. |
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| The non-protein compound that forms the active portion of an enzyme system. |
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| When a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction. |
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